The invention relates to a construction method of a time-delay-constrained energy consumption balance data acquisition tree in a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network). The construction method comprises the following steps: a data sink node calculates a weight of a node pair subjected to symmetrical network communication according to network topology information; the data sink node calculates shortest weighted paths from all nodes in the network to the data sink node, wherein a set of the shortest weighted paths forms a minimum weighted energy consumption generation tree; finding out the nodes in the minimum weighted energy consumption generation tree, which do not meet network time-delay limit, and calculating a corresponding topology adjusting scheme for each node as a candidate topology adjusting scheme; finding out one scheme with minimum adjustment on node transmission power from all the candidate topology adjusting schemes, and reconstructing the generation tree; and judging whether the nodes which do not meet hop count limit exist in the network, if so, continuously adjusting, and if not, ending the algorithm, wherein the generated generation tree is the final network topology result. According to the construction method disclosed by the invention, data effectiveness requirement is met, and energy consumptions of the nodes in the network are balanced.