The invention discloses a treatment device for dust and waste gas in the building material industry. The treatment device comprises a box body, a particle filtering mechanism, an air duct adjusting mechanism, a cloth bag dust removal mechanism, a speed reduction mechanism and an acid-alkali washing mechanism; the particle filtering mechanism, the air duct adjusting mechanism, the cloth bag dust removal mechanism, the speed reduction mechanism and the acid-alkali washing mechanism are arranged in the box body; the particle filtering mechanism is arranged at one end of the box; the acid-alkali washing mechanism is arranged at the other end of the box body; the speed reducing mechanism is positioned between the particle filtering mechanism and the cloth bag dust removing mechanism; the cloth bag dust removal mechanism is positioned between the speed reduction mechanism and the acid-alkali washing mechanism; and the particle filtering mechanism comprises a filtering plate, a control plate, a buffering mechanism, a material guiding mechanism, a material guiding plate and a discharging mechanism. Large particles can be independently filtered, and the damage rate of a cloth bag in cloth bag dust removal is reduced; meanwhile, in the cloth bag dust removal mechanism, sticking substances attached to the surfaces of the cloth bags can be loosened through vibration, so that the cleaning effect of back flushing of the cloth bags is improved.