The invention relates to a quick preparation method of a wave-absorbing ceramic-based composite material with an electromagnetic-impedance gradient matrix. The quick preparation method comprises the following steps of firstly adopting a CVI (Chemical Vapor Infiltration) or PIP (Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis) process to prepare a porous carbon-based composite material, then adopting an RMI (Reactive Melt infiltration) process to obtain a C-SiC-based composite material, finally adopting a nitriding process to transform residual Si in the composite material into Si3N4, and obtaining the wave-absorbing ceramic-based composite material, wherein the phase composition of the matrix is C, SiC and Si3N4 from inside to outside, and the matching property with electromagnetic impedance of a freespace is gradually improved; the phase composition of the matrix is Si3N4, SiC and C from outside to inside, and the loss capability to electromagnetic waves is gradually enhanced. The quick preparation method has the beneficial effects that the process controllability is strong, and compared with the CVI and PIP methods, the quick preparation method is short in preparation period and low in production cost. In the aspect of electromagnetic property of the composite material, the matching property of the matrix material with the impedance of the free space is gradually improved, the loss capability to the electromagnetic waves from outside to inside is gradually enhanced, so that the benefit to improving the wave-absorbing property of the composite material is achieved.