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85 results about "Automatic train supervision" patented technology

Automatic Train Supervision. Definition. Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) is a system within an automatic train control system which monitors the system status and provides the appropriate controls to direct the operation of trains in order to maintain intended traffic patterns and minimize the effect of train delays on the operating schedule.

Multi-system fusion train control method and device

PendingCN121062793ARailway traffic control systemsAutomatic train protectionIn vehicle
The invention provides a multi-system fusion train control method and device, and relates to the technical field of rail transit, and the method comprises the steps: deploying an area controller at a preset train station; acquiring the current driving position of the train based on the area controller; based on the current driving position, a communication control instruction between a train-mounted automatic train protection system of the train and an automatic train monitoring system of the train station is determined; and performing communication control between the train automatic protection system and the train automatic monitoring system based on the communication control instruction. According to the multi-system fusion train control method provided by the invention, the rail systems to which different positions belong are adapted through the dynamically adapted communication control instruction, communication interruption caused by protocol differences under different rail systems is eliminated, seamless communication between different system devices in a rail transit multi-system fusion system is ensured, and the reliability of the rail transit multi-system fusion system is improved. And high-efficiency and low-cost multi-system fusion train control is realized.
Owner:CRSC URBAN RAIL TRANSIT TECH CO LTD +1

System for implementing interconnection and intercommunication of TACS and CBTC system, method and medium

PCT designated stage expiredWO2025020367A1Automatic systemsCommunications systemResource management
A system for implementing interconnection and intercommunication of a TACS and a CBTC system, comprising an intelligent operation and maintenance (IOM) system (1), an automatic train supervision (ATS) system (2), a wayside resource controller (WRC) (3), an object controller (OC) (5) and a data communication system (DCS) (6), and further comprising a compatible wayside train controller MWTC (4) and a compatible on-board train controller MCTC (7). The compatible wayside train controller MWTC (4) assists in operation when a train in a CBTC system enters a line of a TACS intercommunication with the CBTC system, and the compatible on-board train controller MCTC (7) assists in operation when a train in the TACS enters a line in the CBTC system intercommunication with the TACS. The present invention achieves the functions of trains in the TACS entering lines in the CBTC system for operation and trains in the CBTC system entering lines in the TACS for operation, realizes unified processing for resource management, and improves the resource management efficiency. Also provided are an implementation method using a system for implementing interconnection and intercommunication of a TACS and a CBTC system, an electronic device and a computer readable storage medium.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Train safe operation control method and device

The invention provides a train safe operation control method and device, and the method comprises the steps: generating obstacle information under the condition that an intelligent train eagle eye (ITE) system of a train recognizes that an obstacle exists on a target line, and transmitting the obstacle information to a vehicle-mounted controller VOBC; the train is braked based on the VOBC according to the alarm information, and the obstacle position information is forwarded to an automatic train monitoring system ATS through an automatic train protection system ATP; the distance between the train and the obstacle is calculated based on the ATS according to the obstacle position information, and obstacle alarm position information and an alarm identifier are generated on a display interface of the target workstation according to the distance; the target workstation comprises at least one of an ATS scheduling workstation and a maintenance workstation. According to the method, real-time monitoring of the obstacles is achieved, the intelligent level of the automatic driving vehicle can be improved, and the operation efficiency and safety of the train are improved.
Owner:TRAFFIC CONTROL TECH CO LTD +1

Interlocking logic part and control display machine communication interruption fault monitoring and analyzing method

The invention relates to the field of intelligent operation and maintenance, and provides a communication interruption fault monitoring and analyzing method for an interlocking logic part and a control and display machine, which comprises the following steps: acquiring first maintenance data of an interlocking system and an automatic train monitoring system, and performing data analysis on the first maintenance data to obtain a communication state of the interlocking logic part and the control and display machine; according to the communication state, communication interruption between the interlocking logic part and the control display machine is determined, and communication interruption alarm information is generated; and querying second maintenance data of the interlocking subsystem and the train automatic monitoring subsystem according to the communication interruption alarm information, analyzing the second maintenance data, and generating a fault analysis result. According to the invention, the problems of low efficiency and high misjudgment rate caused by dependence on manual troubleshooting of communication interruption faults in the prior art are solved, and automatic fault monitoring and intelligent analysis of the interlocking logic part and the control display machine are realized.
Owner:CRSC URBAN RAIL TRANSIT TECH CO LTD

Train control system and method based on vehicle-to-vehicle communication and readable storage medium

The invention relates to the technical field of train-to-train communication, and discloses a train control system and method based on train-to-train communication and a readable storage medium, and the system comprises a train automatic monitoring system ATS used for sending route information and online train operation information to a vehicle-mounted device; the object controller OC is used for controlling the trackside equipment according to an instruction of the vehicle-mounted equipment and feeding back an equipment state; the vehicle-mounted equipment is used for establishing a vehicle-to-vehicle communication connection or canceling the vehicle-to-vehicle communication connection by identifying the ID of a front vehicle in real time and verifying the ID of the front vehicle, and is also used for realizing virtual coupling with the front vehicle or canceling virtual coupling by calculating the vehicle-to-vehicle distance in real time and verifying the vehicle-to-vehicle distance; and the control module is also used for controlling the object controller OC, obtaining the turnout state, verifying the turnout state and determining the movement authorization of the vehicle. According to the invention, accuracy verification is carried out on the information collected and used by the vehicle-mounted equipment, so that the safety and reliability of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are improved.
Owner:CRSC RESEARCH & DESIGN INSTITUTE GROUP CO LTD

Train wakeup method, device and system

The embodiment of the invention provides a train wakeup method, device and system.The train wakeup method comprises the steps that a wakeup authorization request of a target train is received, and the wakeup authorization request carries the first train position of the target train; under the condition that the second train position of the target train is not inquired, whether the target train meets a remote wakeup condition or not is verified; if the remote wake-up condition is met, at least one remote wake-up confirmation request is sent to the automatic train monitoring system, and feedback information returned by the automatic train monitoring system for the remote wake-up confirmation request is received; if the feedback information indicates that the target train meets the authorization condition, wake-up authorization is returned to the target train, the wake-up authorization is used for indicating the target train to conduct dynamic and static testing, and a wake-up result of the target train is obtained. And if the regional controller loses the position stored when the target train is dormant, the remote wakeup confirmation of the target train can be realized through the remote wakeup condition and the interaction with the automatic train monitoring system.
Owner:BEIJING URBAN CONSTR INTELLIGENT CONTROL TECH CO LTD

Platform door management host and platform door system

The invention relates to a platform door management host and a platform door system, which are used for processing received vehicle door alignment and isolation management data of a vehicle door of an automatic train monitoring subsystem, sending a vehicle door alignment and isolation request to a fault door control unit, and sending detected fault door control unit information to the automatic train monitoring subsystem. The platform door alignment isolation management system comprises a main control board, a communication board and a switching board which are arranged in a first machine cage, and an input board and an output board which are arranged in a second machine cage, and the first machine cage is in communication connection with the second machine cage; the platform door management host adopts double-system redundant backup setting, each system is provided with a main control board and a communication board, the number of the main control boards is the same as that of the communication boards, and main-standby switching logic management is carried out between the double systems through a switching board. Compared with the prior art, the system has the advantages of low failure rate and high safety and reliability through board card level redundancy.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Multi-level wet rail mode management method

The invention discloses a multi-level wet rail mode management method, and relates to the technical field of rail traffic signal safety control, and a management system comprises an automatic train monitoring system (ATS), a data storage unit (DSU), a zone controller (ZC) and a vehicle-mounted controller (CC). According to the method, the wet rail area range is optimized, the train needing to be switched into the wet rail mode is screened out in advance from the view angle of the area controller ZC, it can be guaranteed that the train is switched into the wet rail mode before entering the wet and slippery section, and driving safety is guaranteed. According to a wet rail information synchronization mechanism and a synchronization limitation relieving mechanism between the subsystems, the synchronization timeliness and the synchronization safety are guaranteed. The framework that central storage of the data storage unit DSU and respective synchronization of the ZC are adopted, wet rail information can be automatically recovered after the ZC breaks down, and the availability of the system is improved.
Owner:卡斯柯信号(成都)有限公司

Train operation control method, electronic device, medium, and automatic train supervision system

A train operation control method, comprising: acquiring a preset path, which preset path is a path determined on the basis of a first position of a train and a destination thereof (S11); during the process of the train traveling to the destination according to the preset path, acquiring a first optimal path from a second position of the train to the destination (S12); and controlling the train to travel to the destination according to the first optimal path (S13). The train operation control method can realize automatic path changing, and improve operational efficiency.
Owner:BYD CO LTD

Alignment isolation method and device compatible with non-coupling train and coupling train and medium

The invention discloses an alignment isolation method and device compatible with non-coupling and coupling trains and a medium, and the method comprises the steps: when a vehicle-mounted controller receives train door fault information of a train control management system, obtaining shielding door information and mechanical hook state information of a platform where the train is located; the vehicle-mounted controller judges whether the train is a coupled train or a non-coupled train according to the state information of the mechanical hook of the train, and if the train is the coupled train, the mapping relation between a coupled train door and a shielding door is established; if the train is a non-coupled train, establishing a mapping relation between a non-coupled train door and a shielding door; and the vehicle-mounted controller marks the shielding door corresponding to the fault train door as an isolation state according to the established mapping relation between the train door of the coupled train and the shielding door or the mapping relation between the train door of the non-coupled train and the shielding door, and sends an isolation instruction to an automatic train monitoring system (ATS). Compared with the prior art, accurate isolation of the non-coupling train and the coupling train is achieved, and system compatibility is improved.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Method for realizing remote reverse operation during unattended train operation, device and medium

A method for realizing remote reverse operation during unattended train operation, a corresponding device, and a corresponding medium are disclosed. The method includes: S1, sending, by a zone controller, information of a train 1 and a train 2 to ATS; S2, displaying, by an ATS interface, state information of the train 1 and the train 2; S3, setting, by a dispatch terminal, an instruction for blocking a remote reverse operation protection area within a range from a platform A to a platform B; S4, generating a command for blocking the reverse operation protection area in a remote speed-limited mode of the trains according to the instruction for blocking the remote reverse operation protection area set by the dispatch terminal and sending the command for blocking the reverse operation protection area in the remote speed-limited mode of the trains to an interlocking subsystem.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Molten iron transportation system based on automatic driving

The invention discloses a molten iron transportation system based on automatic driving and relates to the technical field of rail transit. The system comprises an automatic train monitoring subsystem used for generating a control plan and performing equipment control; the vehicle-mounted control subsystem is used for executing train protection and driving functions; the ground control subsystem is used for realizing train control and interlocking functions; the train autonomous sensing subsystem is used for detecting operation environment information; wherein the train automatic monitoring subsystem carries out data interaction with the ironmaking system and the steelmaking system and automatically generates a control plan based on a blast furnace tapping plan and a converter production plan, and the control plan is used for controlling automatic driving of the train. By implementing the technical scheme provided by the invention, the problem of transportation plan lag caused by lack of real-time data interaction of a molten iron transportation scheduling and production system in the prior art is solved, accurate connection of molten iron transportation and production rhythm is realized, and the production efficiency is improved.
Owner:CRSC URBAN RAIL TRANSIT TECH CO LTD

Automatic train monitoring system and method thereof for automatically recovering normal operation of train

According to the automatic train monitoring system and the method for automatically recovering the normal operation of the trains, the automatic train monitoring system calculates an updated matching reference between the trains and a planned operation line, and when the operation is recovered, the automatic train monitoring system enables all the trains to be matched with a new planned operation line according to the updated matching reference for operation. According to the invention, efficient operation of the whole system can be effectively ensured, the influence of sudden faults on the operation order is reduced to the greatest extent, the travel experience of passengers is ensured, the efficiency of scheduling work is improved, the availability of the whole system is enhanced, and more powerful support is provided for stable operation of urban rail transit.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

A method and system for dynamically adjusting the operation plan for comprehensive line energy saving

The present invention discloses a method and system for dynamically adjusting the operation plan for comprehensive line energy conservation. The method includes: S1) Compiling an energy-saving operation diagram; S2) Loading the energy-saving operation diagram into the train automatic monitoring system, and the train operates according to the plan in the energy-saving operation diagram. During the train operation, adaptive adjustment for train operation energy conservation is carried out to optimize the energy-saving operation diagram; S3) Dynamically adjusting the train operation plan according to the optimized energy-saving operation diagram. The present invention especially solves the problem of the utilization of regenerative energy in different power supply zones within the line. By compiling the operation diagram based on historical operation data and dynamically adjusting the actual train operation plan, the maximization of the overlapping period of train operation traction and braking within the line is achieved, thereby realizing the maximization of the utilization of regenerative energy. The present invention can be applied to projects such as urban rail transit, suburban rail transit, and light rail. The purpose of the present invention is to make full use of the regenerative energy generated by train braking to achieve the goal of energy conservation for train operation within the line.
Owner:CHINA RAILWAY SIYUAN SURVEY & DESIGN GRP CO LTD +2

Display time difference acquisition method and device and display time difference monitoring system

This application relates to the field of train monitoring technology, and discloses a method, device, and system for obtaining display time difference, to solve the technical problem of low timeliness in obtaining display time difference of vehicle arrival information. The method includes: parsing the operation log obtained from the automatic train monitoring system to obtain the transmission time of the vehicle arrival information issued by the automatic train monitoring system and the platform code corresponding to the vehicle arrival information; obtaining the operation log of the passenger service system, and querying the broadcast controller information of the platform broadcast controller corresponding to the platform code based on the passenger service system's operation log, the broadcast controller information including the broadcast controller code; obtaining the operation log corresponding to the platform broadcast controller through the broadcast controller code; querying the display time when the platform broadcast controller pushes the vehicle arrival information to the broadcast controller's interface in the operation log corresponding to the platform broadcast controller; and obtaining the display time difference of the vehicle arrival information based on the transmission time and display time of the vehicle arrival information issued by the automatic train monitoring system.
Owner:BYD CO LTD

Train track section fire treatment method and device

The embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and device for handling fires in a train track section, which relates to the field of rail transit; the method includes: an integrated monitoring system obtains the fire section number, and sends the fire section number to the train automatic monitoring system; the train automatic monitoring system performs dispatch confirmation according to the fire section number, and performs vehicle detention processing; at the same time, the fire section number is forwarded to the on-board controller; the on-board controller determines the train position and processes it according to the fire section number. In this way, when a fire occurs in a section, the integrated monitoring system will cooperate with the signal system to ensure the safety of drivers and passengers, avoid damage to the train, and cause economic losses.
Owner:TRAFFIC CONTROL TECH CO LTD

Train low-power-consumption dormancy management method and device and storage medium

The invention provides a train low-power-consumption sleep management method and device and a storage medium. The method comprises the steps that a train sleep instruction sent by an automatic train supervision system is acquired, and default sleep configuration is loaded; the vehicle-mounted computer application layer performs rationality verification on default sleep configuration based on a power consumption algorithm; if verification fails, the configuration in the default sleep configuration is adjusted, and rationality verification is carried out again; if the rationality verification is successful, updating the default dormancy configuration table according to the adjusted configuration; generating a dormancy execution plan based on the updated default dormancy configuration table; and performing low-power sleep processing on the software and the hardware based on the sleep execution plan. When it is detected that the sleep duration exceeds the duration in the train sleep instruction or an awakening instruction is received, the software and hardware starting operation state is recovered according to the reverse process. According to the technical scheme in the embodiment of the invention, more sensors can be called during the dormancy period of the train to realize a mobile detection function, and the battery is more effectively used.
Owner:SIEMENS MOBILITY TECH BEIJING CO LTD

Train turn-back end changing control method and device and train turn-back end changing system

The invention discloses a train turn-back end changing control method and device and a train turn-back end changing system.The train turn-back end changing control method is applied to an automatic train monitoring system ATS, the automatic train monitoring system ATS communicates with a train, and the train turn-back end changing control method comprises the steps that after the train arrives at a destination, the train turns back to the destination; acquiring train running data and train operation data; generating a train operation plan based on the train operation data under the condition of determining that the train needs to be subjected to turn-back and end change operation based on the train running data and the train operation data; and the train operation plan is issued to the train so that the train can execute end changing operation based on the train operation plan, and the end changing operation comprises the step of modifying the attribute information of the train head and the train tail so that the train head and the train tail can be exchanged. According to the train turn-back end changing control method, the concept of turn-back route is cancelled, the method is simpler, and the system operation efficiency is improved.
Owner:BEIJING URBAN CONSTR INTELLIGENT CONTROL TECH CO LTD

Automatic train supervision system

The application discloses an automatic train monitoring system, wherein the system comprises a client, a monitoring server, a load balancing server and a function server cluster; the load balancing server is used for receiving train operation information from the client and the monitoring server, wherein the train operation information comprises at least two types of train operation information with different priorities, and the number of types of the train operation information is the same as the number of function servers in the function server cluster; the load balancing server further communicates with each function server in the function server cluster, and is used for acquiring the working state and data throughput of each function server, and distributing each type of train operation information to the corresponding function server according to the working state and data throughput of each function server and the priority of each type of train operation information, so as to monitor the train. Thus, the train operation information processing amount of each function server is reasonably distributed, and the real-time performance of train monitoring is ensured.
Owner:BYD CO LTD

Method and system for realizing automatic noise reduction and speed reduction operation of train

According to the method and system for achieving automatic noise reduction and speed reduction running of the train, an ATO train automatic running system generates a speed reduction and energy saving running curve, and when an ATS train automatic monitoring system detects that the train is located at a departure station in front of a resident disturbing area and the current time is in the resident disturbing time period, the train is started to run; and the VOBC vehicle-mounted system controls the train to run from the departure station to the parking station according to the speed reduction energy-saving running curve. The speed reduction energy-saving operation curve comprises an operation curve before entering the resident disturbing area, an operation curve passing through the resident disturbing area and an operation curve after leaving the resident disturbing area, the operation curve before entering the resident disturbing area at least comprises a first acceleration operation stage and a coasting stage, and the operation curve passing through the resident disturbing area comprises the step that the train passes through the resident disturbing area at a constant operation speed of the resident disturbing area; the operation curve at least comprises a deceleration operation stage after leaving the resident disturbing area. Speed reduction and noise reduction operation in the resident disturbing area can be automatically achieved, mistakes and omissions caused by manual operation are avoided, the punctuality rate of overall operation of the train is increased while speed reduction and noise reduction are achieved, and comprehensive operation energy consumption is reduced.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Train turn-back method, system and equipment and readable storage medium

The invention discloses a train turn-back method, system and device and a readable storage medium. A train control system comprises an automatic train monitoring system located in a dispatching center, a computer interlocking system and an area controller located in a station, a train on a track and a train-mounted signal system on the train. Under the condition that any point turn-back conditions are met, turn-back at any point is achieved through coordinated interaction processing of the train automatic monitoring system located in the dispatching center, the computer interlocking system and the area controller located in the station, the train on the track and the train-mounted signal system on the train. Therefore, the operation of returning to the last station for unloading operation under the abnormal condition is realized.
Owner:HUNAN CRRC TIMES SIGNAL & COMM CO LTD

Train arrival information display graphical user interface for electronic devices

1. The name of the design product: Train arrival information display graphical user interface for electronic device. 2. The use of the design product: For an electronic device. 3. The design points of the design product: In the graphical user interface content. 4. The picture or photo that best shows the design points: Front view. 5. The use of the graphical user interface: For showing the arrival information content of the train automatic monitoring system.
Owner:GUANGZHOU METRO GRP CO LTD +2

Train operation adjusting method, device, equipment, medium and program product

The invention relates to the technical field of urban rail transit, and provides a train operation adjusting method, device and equipment, a medium and a program product, and the method comprises the steps: determining a to-be-adjusted train and initial operation parameters of the to-be-adjusted train under the condition that any train deviates from a train timetable for operation; the initial operation parameters are adjusted with the goal of increasing the overlapping duration of any two-way traction train and braking train in the power supply partition under the condition that the operation conditions are met, and operation adjustment parameters are obtained; and the operation adjustment parameters are sent to an automatic train monitoring system (ATS), so that the ATS controls the train to be adjusted to operate based on the operation adjustment parameters. According to the train operation adjusting method, device and equipment, the medium and the program product, on the premise that the train meets the operation requirement, the utilization rate of regenerative braking energy is increased, and the comprehensive energy consumption of the train is reduced.
Owner:BEIJING URBAN CONSTR INTELLIGENT CONTROL TECH CO LTD

Route associated train calculation method and equipment based on resource management unit, and medium

The invention relates to a route associated train calculation method and device based on a resource management unit and a medium. The method specifically comprises the steps that S1, a train automatic monitoring system ATS issues a route creation command; s2, the RMU creates a route according to the resource state; s3, the RMU searches a first vehicle on the upstream of the route, and if the first vehicle is a communication train, the train is associated to the route; s4, judging whether the train is driven into the route or not according to the position of the train associated with the route, maintaining the train to be continuously associated with the route if the train is not driven into the route, and releasing the train associated with the route if the train is driven into the route; and S5, after the route is disconnected from the associated train, the route starts to be unlocked. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the route can be quickly unlocked according to the position information of the associated train, the departure interval can be shortened, and the operation efficiency is greatly improved.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Network automatic train supervision system for urban rail transit based on cloud platform

The present invention relates to a network automatic train supervision (NATS) system for urban rail transit based on a cloud platform, the NATS system is disposed in a network center cloud platform to collect line ATS data for analysis and provide a network operation management function; and the NATS system has functions of running command, operation index analysis, fully automated mapping, network and line collaborative command, transport organization, and aided decision. Compared with the prior art, the present invention has an advantage that information about full-road networks is displayed for large cities, so that the network center performs overall operation command and dispatching for the cities.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Train failure rescue management method, equipment and medium for TACS system

The present invention relates to a train failure rescue management method for a TACS system. In the process of executing train failure rescue, the method regards the faulty train and the rescue train as two independent controlled train units. The automatic train monitoring system ATS gives tasks to the two independent controlled train units respectively, and the onboard controller CC or the trackside train manager WSTC actively applies for resources according to the tasks given by the ATS. Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the advantages of getting rid of the problem of the single existing route management method and improving the convenience of rescue.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Train autonomous control system and method based on train-to-train communication

The present invention relates to a train autonomous control system and method based on train-to-train communication. The control system includes an automatic train supervision system ATS, an object controller OC, a train-mounted subsystem CC, a tag reader subsystem, a query transponder, and a data communication system DCS, the automatic train supervision system ATS is connected to the train-mounted subsystem CC, and the train-mounted subsystems CC of adjacent trains are in communication connection with each other, and the control system further includes a railside resource manager WRC, and the railside resource manager WRC is respectively connected to the automatic train supervision system ATS, the train-mounted subsystem CC, the object controller OC, the tag reader subsystem, and the query transponder. Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the advantages of reducing a transmission link of data information over a network, improving operation efficiency of the system, and the like.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD

Remote rail monitoring system and / or method

The system can include: a vehicle and a remote operator platform. The system can optionally include or be used with a motion planner and a set of remote data systems. However, the system can additionally or alternatively include any other suitable set of components. The system can function to facilitate remote monitoring of a vehicle system(s), such as an unmanned rail vehicle, and / or positive train control (PTC) when operating under speed-restriction rules. Additionally, the system can function to facilitate remote monitoring, tele-operation, and / or exception handling across multiple vehicles / trains by a single operator. Additionally, the system can function to adjust command of a remotely monitored vehicle based on the observability of the environment and / or response capability of a remote monitor / tele-operator (e.g., based on line-of-sight, video latency, etc.).
Owner:PARALLEL SYSTEMS INC

Train fault processing method and system

The invention provides a train fault processing method which comprises the following steps: S1, pre-arranging possible vehicle faults according to characteristics of a current line and a current vehicle, and determining a corresponding processing category according to a fault type; s2, the vehicle state is transmitted to an automatic train monitoring system through a signal interface of the vehicle; s3, the train automatic monitoring system recognizes the fault type according to the vehicle state transmitted in real time, and generates a specific processing scheme according to the preset processing type in combination with the vehicle surrounding factors and the fault type; and S4, issuing an execution command according to the processing scheme obtained by calculation. According to the method, the vehicle fault handling efficiency of dispatching can be greatly improved, and the working pressure of dispatching personnel is reduced.
Owner:CASCO SIGNAL LTD