An embodiment of the invention relates to a production-transportation co-scheduling method and system based on a modified taboo search algorithm; the method comprises: 1, group-batching workpieces; 2, initializing algorithm parameters; 3, generating initial solutions; 4, generating a neighborhood solution set; 5, subjecting individuals to variation, intersection and selection; 6, determining a candidate solution set; 7, calculating fitness values of the individuals; 8, updating the candidate solution set; 9, updating a taboo table; 10, judging whether algorithm termination conditions are met, outputting a global optimal solution if yes, and returning to the step 4 if not. An approximate optimal solution is acquired for the production-transportation co-scheduling problem under multiple manufacturers; that is to say, a scientific effective production-transportation co-scheduling scheme is acquired; therefore, whole benefit in production and transportation can be maximized for an enterprise, high-quality services are provided for customers of the enterprise, and core competitiveness of the enterprise is improved.