326 results about "Laws of thermodynamics" patented technology

The invention belongs to the field of electric power engineering, and provides a symmetric obtaining method for a coefficient of active power transmission from nodes to branches in a power network. According to the method, a linear function relationship between branch active power and node voltage phase angles is established according to known alternating current power network parameters and alternating current power network running characteristics, a symmetric linear function relationship between the node voltage phase angles and node injected active power is established according to the linear function relationship and the node injected active power, a symmetric linear function relationship between the branch active power and the node injected active power is established according to the linear function relationship and the known symmetric linear function relationship, and the coefficient of the active power transmission from the nodes to the branches is obtained according to the symmetric linear function relationship and the function relationship between the branch active power and the coefficient of the active power transmission from the nodes to the branches. The problems that existing obtaining methods for the coefficient of the active power transmission from the nodes to the branches go against a physical symmetry rule and a circuital law, and cannot reflect the characteristics of the active power transmission from the nodes to the branches truly are solved.

Embodiments of the presently claimed invention minimize the effect of Amdahl's Law with respect to multi-core processor technologies. This scheme is asynchronous across all of the cores of a processing system and is completely independent of other cores and other work units running on those cores. This scheme occurs on an as needed and just in time basis. As a result, the constraints of Amdahl's Law do not apply to a scheduling algorithm and the design is linearly scalable with the number of processing cores with no degradation due to the effects of serialization.

The invention discloses a method for evaluating the fatigue life of an aged reinforced concrete bridge. The method comprises the following steps of obtaining initial corrosion time of reinforcement in concrete based on the second diffusion law of Fick, and considering the influence of concrete cracking due to corrosion expansion in a corrosion rate model; adopting a small crack growth and near threshold growth analysis and determining relevant parameters of fatigue crack propagation rate of materials by developing a fatigue crack propagation test of reinforced concrete materials; performing a corrosion fatigue test or finite element analysis on corroded reinforcement to obtain stress concentration factors at different corrosion levels, and integrating into a stress intensity factor model to obtain the fatigue crack propagation rate of the reinforcement under the influence of corrosion; comparing the magnitude of a corrosion pit growth rate and the fatigue crack propagation rate and gradually converting into a single growth analysis on fatigue cracks of the reinforcement; meanwhile, combining with vehicle load observing information to realize life evaluation of a bridge at different service stages. The prediction method disclosed by the invention is reasonable and high in popularization, and can provide technical support for evaluating the life of the concrete bridges.

The invention discloses a Brazilian split method for measuring an elastic parameter of a rock under an extension condition, which comprises the steps of: A. horizontally putting a machined disc-shaped sample between the load bearing plates of a press machine by using a Brazilian disc split method, placing a hard steel wire respectively between the upper load bearing plate and the sample and between the lower load bearing plate and the sample, arranging a filler strip perpendicular to the symmetrical surfaces of the sample, and applying pressure on the upper load bearing plate and the lower load bearing plate to make the sample generate tension perpendicular to the action directions of an upper load and a lower load; B. carrying out analysis by using the Hooke's law in classical elasticity mechanics by combining specific conditions of the Brazilian split method; C. analyzing the stress condition of the rock and the measurement principle in the Brazilian disc split method; and D. obtaining the strain in the stress direction according to the Hooke's law from the stress condition sigma3=0, measuring epsilon1 and epsilon2, obtaining the elastic parameter of the rock sample, and arranging a strain gauge in the center position of the rock sample for measurement of epsilon1 and epsilon2. The method has the advantages of easiness for operation and use, clear principle, low material consumption, and the like. The method is suitable for wide popularization and application.

A control system using a genetic analyzer based on discrete constraints is described. In one embodiment, a genetic algorithm with step-coded chromosomes is used to develop a teaching signal that provides good control qualities for a controller with discrete constraints, such as, for example, a step-constrained controller. In one embodiment, the control system uses a fitness (performance) function that is based on the physical laws of minimum entropy. In one embodiment, the genetic analyzer is used in an off-line mode to develop a teaching signal for a fuzzy logic classifier system that develops a knowledge base. The teaching signal can be approximated online by a fuzzy controller that operates using knowledge from the knowledge base. The control system can be used to control complex plants described by nonlinear, unstable, dissipative models. In one embodiment, the step-constrained control system is configured to control stepping motors.

A computer system and method of simulating the behavior of an oil and gas reservoir including changes in the margins of frangible solids. A system of equations including state equations such as momentum, and conservation laws such as mass conservation and volume fraction continuity, are defined and discretized for at least two phases in a modeled volume, one of which corresponds to frangible material. A material point model technique for numerically solving the system of discretized equations, to derive fluid flow at each of a plurality of mesh nodes in the modeled volume, and the velocity of at each of a plurality of particles representing the frangible material in the modeled volume. A time-splitting technique improves the computational efficiency of the simulation while maintaining accuracy on the deformation scale. The method can be applied to derive accurate upscaled model equations for larger volume scale simulations.

The invention provides a method for testing content of unfrozen water in frozen earth. The method is mainly applied to the testing on the content of unfrozen water in natural frozen earth and artificial frozen earth. The method comprises the steps of firstly processing the tested soil sample obtained in place according to the specified specification; subsequently freezing the tested soil sample to the low-temperature range of -30 to -15 DEG C; subsequently heating and melting the tested soil sample by natural convection under the room temperature air condition of 20 to 35 DEG C; recording thechange of the central temperature of the sample with the time; establishing a calculation model reflecting the temperature change process of the frozen earth according to a Newton cooling law; analyzing the convection heat transmission coefficient between air and soil; determining phase change time and phase change temperature so as to further calculate the content of unfrozen water under the frozen state; and finally calculating the characteristic curve of unfrozen water content during the melting process according to the test results. The method is simple and feasible and the testing resultis exact and reliable.

The invention provides a method used for predicting the creep life of heat-resisting alloy. According to the method, a creep life predicting model is established on the foundation of Arrhenius law; tensile creep life data at different stress at a certain temperature is predicted via fitting of the creep life predicting model, model parameter values are determined, a relationship formula of the creep life at a prediction temperature with the stress is obtained, and creep life prediction is carried out based on the relationship formula. In establishment of the creep life predicting model, action of high temperature strength of alloy materials on creep performance and influence factors of stress on creep deformation mechanism are taken into consideration fully, so that obtained results are more close to practical data, and creep life prediction accuracy is increased obviously. It is shown by results of creep life prediction tests of a plurality of materials that under experiment conditions, the prediction error of the method is reduced by one magnitude order in comparing with Arrhenius law and Larson-Miller method.

The invention discloses a dynamic correction method for reliability assessment of a large-sized oil-immersed power transformer; a transformer oil-paper insulating system is used as an assessment object, and two processes are involved; in the first process, with hotspot temperature calculation as the core, an HST-based (hotspot temperature) transformer aging fault model is established in conjunction with Weibull distribution and Arrhenius reaction law, winding HST is acquired by calculating, and fault rate gamma of the transformer oil-paper insulating system is solved; in the second process, with gray target correction analysis via dissolved gas in oil as the core, a relationship between transformer health state and its predicted life is established via grey theory, equivalent HST value is obtained, dynamic correction is provided for the basic model in the first process, and it is ensured that the assessment value is capable of well tracing and reflecting actual reliability level of the transformer. By using the method, it is possible to effectively solve the problems that, for instance, a transformer reliability analysis model has low accuracy and is difficult to popularize and apply.

A feedback control law steers a reference phase that tracks the phase of a received code sequence. The reference phase clocks a track-reference signal consisting of a series of correlation kernels, over which data is extracted and then summed in various combinations. The correlation kernels are designed in such a manner that errors caused by multipath are eliminated or substantially reduced. Furthermore, the areas of the correlation kernels are balanced across level-transitions of a code and non-transitions to eliminate phase biases when tracking specific satellites. Extra care must be taken to balance the correlation kernels in this manner due to a little known aspect of GPS C/A codes. Specifically, not all C/A codes have the same ratio of level-transitions to non-transitions as has been assumed in prior art.

Experimental and numerical investigations on an atmospheric diffusion oxy-combustion flame in a gas turbine model combustor are conducted. The combustor is fuelled with CH₄CH4 and a mixture of CO₂ and O₂ as oxidizer. The stability of the oxy-combustion flame is affected when the operating percentage of oxygen in the oxidizer mixture is reduced below 25%. A new 3D reactor design is introduced for the substitution of ITM reactors into a gas turbine combustor. A new oxygen permeation equation model has been developed by fitting the experimental data available in the literature for a LSCF ion transport membrane. The monolith structure design ITM reactor is capable of delivering power ranging from 5 to 8 MWe based on cycle first law efficiency.

A system and method for receiving an ordered set of images and analyzing the images to determine at least one position in space and at least one motion vector in space and time for at least one object represented in the images is disclosed. Using these vectors, a four dimensional model of at least a portion of the information represented in the images is formulated. This model generally obeys the laws of physics, though aberrations may be imposed. The model is then exercised with an input parameter, which, for example, may represent a different perspective than the original set of images. The four dimensional model is then used to produce a modified set of ordered images in dependence on the input parameter and optionally the set of images, e.g., if only a portion of the data represented in the images is modeled. The set of images may then be rendered on a display device.

An adaptive control system is disclosed. The control system can control uncertain dynamic systems. The control system can employ one or more derivative-free adaptive control architectures. The control system can further employ one or more derivative-free weight update laws. The derivative-free weight update laws can comprise a time-varying estimate of an ideal vector of weights. The control system of the present invention can therefore quickly stabilize systems that undergo sudden changes in dynamics, caused by, for example, sudden changes in weight. Embodiments of the present invention can also provide a less complex control system than existing adaptive control systems. The control system can control aircraft and other dynamic systems, such as, for example, those with non-minimum phase dynamics.

A control system for optimizing a shock absorber having a non-linear kinetic characteristic is described. The control system uses a fitness (performance) function that is based on the physical laws of minimum entropy and biologically inspired constraints relating to mechanical constraints and/or rider comfort, driveability, etc. In one embodiment, a genetic analyzer is used in an off-line mode to develop a teaching signal. An information filter is used to filter the teaching signal to produce a compressed teaching signal. The compressed teaching signal can be approximated online by a fuzzy controller that operates using knowledge from a knowledge base. In one embodiment, the control system includes a learning system, such as a neural network that is trained by the compressed training signal. The learning system is used to create a knowledge base for use by an online fuzzy controller. The online fuzzy controller is used to program a linear controller.

The invention discloses a photovoltaic intelligent community electric automobile and controllable load two-stage optimization scheduling method. A controllable load output model is established based on residential area, controllable load use characteristics and laws of thermodynamics, an electric automobile charging model is established based on electric automobile user driving characteristics, and a photovoltaic probability model is established based on the condition that photovoltaic output forecast deviations meet normal distribution; in day-ahead scheduling, time-of-use electricity price is set with profit maximization of an operator obtained after orderly charging of electric automobiles being as a target, and the electric automobiles are guided to be charged orderly through the time-of-use electricity price to reduce system valley-peak difference; taking consideration of influence of photovoltaic prediction and temperature prediction deviation on intelligent community electric automobile and controllable load co-scheduling, supply and demand unbalance due to day-ahead predication is corrected by introducing real-time scheduling; and in real-time scheduling, with the time-of-use electricity price set in day-ahead scheduling being as a basis, a day-ahead charging scheme of the electric automobiles is optimized to reduce real-time scheduling cost and stabilize load fluctuation. The method comprises day-ahead scheduling and real-time scheduling two-stage optimization.

This invention presents improved combustion methods, systems, engines and apparatus utilizing H₂, O₂ and H₂O as fuel, thereby providing environmentally friendly combustion products, as well as improved fuel and energy management methods, systems, engines and apparatus. The Water Combustion Technology; WCT, is based upon water (H₂O) chemistry, more specifically H₂O combustion chemistry and thermodynamics. WCT does not use any hydrocarbon fuel source, rather the WCT uses H₂ preferably with O₂ and secondarily with air. The WCT significantly improves the thermodynamics of combustion, thereby significantly improving the efficiency of combustion, utilizing the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The WCT preferably controls combustion temperature with H₂O and secondarily with air in the combustion chamber. The WCT preferably recycles exhaust gas energy as fuel converted from water. The WCT minimizes external cooling loops and minimizes exhaust and/or exhaust energy, thereby maximizing available work and internal energy while minimizing enthalpy and entropy losses.