A mathematical enlightenment number-sense abacus, comprising: an outer frame (1), rods (2) arranged within the outer frame (1), and cubic abacus beads (3) each strung on a rod (2) and capable of sliding and flipping on the rod (2), wherein a position-limiting structure is provided between each cubic abacus bead (3) and the rod (2) and is used to position one face of the cubic abacus bead (3) upward. By arranging the position-limiting structure between the rod (2) and the cubic abacus bead (3), one face of the cubic abacus bead (3) is ensured to remain facing upward, thereby accomplishing positioning of one of the faces of the cubic abacus bead (3), facilitating users in performing recognition and calculation with respect to various marks on each face of the cubic abacus bead (3), and enabling flexible, simple operation. The invention addresses the following issues: existing abacuses are unsuitable for school-age students, and the calculation principles are non-intuitive; mental-abacus techniques are limited and not conducive to simple calculations; and teaching aids such as mathematical enlightenment pegboards or peg-hole boards suffer from pieces scattering, spilling, being lost, and becoming disordered during use, and are inadequate for performing addition and subtraction calculations involving large numbers.