The invention provides a decoding method of enhancing an uplink physical channel by a time division synchronous code division multiple access system. The decoding method includes the following steps: step S301, when an enhanced uplink transmission time interval comes, user equipment determines a data type and a resource multiplexing mode transmitted in the current transmission time interval; step S302, the user equipment determines the length of a transmission block and the modulation type of the enhanced uplink service data; step S303, the user equipment determines the physical layer control channel parameters of the current transmission; step S304, a base station determines the total number of resources used by the user equipment; and step S305, the base station combines enhanced transmission format combined indication to obtain part of the length of a transmission block and the modulation type of service data and then carries out demodulation and decoding; wherein, the data type includes a dispatching service data type and a non-dispatching service data type. In this way, under the condition of no increment of channel load, the invention can avoid the caching of channel data, realize the synchronous demodulation of the channel and improve the receiving efficiency of the channel.