The invention discloses a composite light-weight high-strength flame-retardant weather-resistant foam heat preservation material comprising the following components: ceramsite, vermiculite, polyurethane, a flame retardant, a foaming agent, alumina silicate fibers, an anti-aging agent and an ultraviolet absorbent, wherein polyurethane is prepared from polyisocyanates, polyether polyol, a catalyst and a crosslinking agent. The composite light-weight high-strength flame-retardant weather-resistant foam heat preservation material disclosed by the invention is reasonable in raw material selection and mixing design, is used for forming a heat preservation main body material by using the ceramsite, vermiculite and polyurethane together, and integrates the excellent properties such as light weight, high strength, flame retardant property, weather resistance and the like under the combined actions of the flame retardant, the foaming agent, the alumina silicate fibers, the anti-aging agent and the ultraviolet absorbent; compared with the prior art, the foam heat preservation material disclosed by the invention is a building heat preservation material with excellent comprehensive performances, can be used for effectively reducing the energy dissipation in buildings, and is low in cost, good in durability and wide in market prospects.