The invention discloses a reliability distribution method and apparatus based on immune genetic optimization, and relates to the field of reliability distribution. The method comprises the following steps: eliminating devices with selected models and devices with determined reliability indexes, and then according to operation working conditions of residual devices, carrying out system reliability modeling; constructing full-life cost function and obtaining a function taking the system full-life cost as an object; and randomly generating initial population, screening antibodies in the population, operating adaptive intersection and variation operation of a genetic algorithm, next, operating an immunization algorithm, extracting a vaccine, vaccinating the antibodies, then classifying the antibodies with higher fitness into new-generation population, determining whether the new-generation population is convergent, if so, outputting a distribution result, and otherwise, returning the antibody screening step. According to the invention, minimization of full-life cost is taken as a distribution object, the immunization algorithm and the genetic algorithm are combined together in a distribution process, and the method and apparatus provided by the invention are applied to task reliability distribution of a complex system.