364 results about "Diffusion resistance" patented technology

Devices are provided for measurement of an analyte concentration, e.g., glucose in a host. The device can include a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte; and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises a diffusion resistance domain configured to control a flux of the analyte therethrough. The diffusion resistance domain comprises one or more zwitterionic compounds and a base polymer comprising both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

A system and method for estimating internal parameters of a lithium-ion battery to provide a reliable battery state-of-charge estimate. The method uses a two RC-pair equivalent battery circuit model to estimate the battery parameters, including a battery open circuit voltage, an ohmic resistance, a double layer capacitance, a charge transfer resistance, a diffusion resistance and a diffusion capacitance. The method further uses the equivalent circuit model to provide a difference equation from which the battery parameters are adapted, and calculates the battery parameters from the difference equation.

A nitrogen oxide concentration detector has a first measurement chamber 2 into which is introduced a measurement gas via a first diffusion resistance 1; an oxygen concentration detection electrode 7a for measuring the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas in said first measurement chamber 1; a first oxygen ion pump cell 6 for pumping out oxygen in the measurement gas from said first measurement chamber 2 based on the potential of said oxygen concentration detection electrode 7a; a second measurement chamber 8 into which the gas is introduced from said first measurement chamber 2 via a second diffusion resistance 3; and a second oxygen ion pump cell 8 having a pair of electrodes 8a,8b across which a voltage is applied to decompose NOx in the second measurement chamber 4 to pump out dissociated oxygen to cause a circuit Ip2 corresponding to the NOx concentration to flow in the second oxygen ion pump cell 8. Variation of NOx concentration is a function of variation of Ip2. The concentration obtained based on the Ip2 is corrected responsive to the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas. Particularly, a coefficient of the variation of the Ip2, gain, in said function is corrected responsive to the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas.

Aimed at reducing the area of a protective circuit in a semiconductor device provided therewith, a semiconductor device of the present invention has a first-conductivity-type well, a plurality of first diffusion layers formed in the well, a plurality of second diffusion layers formed in the well, and a diffusion resistance layer formed in the well, wherein the first diffusion layers have a second conductivity type, and are connected in parallel with each other to an input / output terminal of the semiconductor device; the second diffusion layers are arranged alternately with a plurality of first diffusion layers, and are connected to a power source or to the ground; the diffusion resistance layer has a second conductivity type, and is located in adjacent to any of the plurality of second diffusion layers; the diffusion resistance layer is connected to the input / output terminal of the semiconductor device, while being arranged in parallel with the first diffusion layers, and connects the internal circuit and the input / output terminal of the semiconductor device.

A nitrogen oxide concentration detector has a first measurement chamber 2 into which is introduced a measurement gas via a first diffusion resistance 1; an oxygen concentration detection electrode 7a for measuring the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas in said first measurement chamber 1; a first oxygen ion pump cell 6 for pumping out oxygen in the measurement gas from said first measurement chamber 2 based on the potential of said oxygen concentration detection electrode 7a; a second measurement chamber 8 into which the gas is introduced from said first measurement chamber 2 via a second diffusion resistance 3; and a second oxygen ion pump cell 8 having a pair of electrodes 8a,8b across which a voltage is applied to decompose NOx in the second measurement chamber 4 to pump out dissociated oxygen to cause a current Ip2 corresponding to the NOx concentration to flow in the second oxygen ion pump cell 8. Variation of NOx concentration is a function of variation of Ip2. The concentration obtained based on the Ip2 is corrected responsive to the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas. Particularly, a coefficient of the variation of the Ip2, gain, in said function is corrected responsive to the oxygen concentration in the measurement gas.

The invention relates to a vapor barrier for use in cthe thermal insulation of buildings which can be used, in particular, for thermal insulation procedures in new buildings or in the renovation of old buildings. The vapor barrier in accordance with the invention is thereby capable of achieving water vapor exchange under different ambient conditions. This is achieved by using a material which has a water vapor diffusion resistance which is dependent on the ambient humidity and which also has adequate tensile strength and tear resistance.

A composite oxygen ion transport element that has a layered structure formed by a dense layer to transport oxygen ions and electrons and a porous support layer to provide mechanical support. The dense layer can be formed of a mixture of a mixed conductor, an ionic conductor, and a metal. The porous support layer can be fabricated from an oxide dispersion strengthened metal, a metal-reinforced intermetallic alloy, a boron-doped Mo5Si3-based intermetallic alloy or combinations thereof. The support layer can be provided with a network of non-interconnected pores and each of said pores communicates between opposite surfaces of said support layer. Such a support layer can be advantageously employed to reduce diffusion resistance in any type of element, including those using a different material makeup than that outlined above.

A method for measuring nitrogen oxide (NOx) in a gas by decomposing NOx in the gas and measuring an amount of oxygen generated by the decomposition includes: introducing the gas to a first inner space under a first diffusion resistance and connected with an external space, controlling an oxygen partial pressure in an atmosphere in the first inner space to be a predetermined low value at which NO is not decomposed substantially by a main pump means, introducing a controlled atmosphere of the first inner space into a second inner space which is connected with the first inner space and which is under a second diffusion resistance, and converting the atmosphere into an electric signal corresponding to the quantity of oxygen generated by decomposition or reduction of NOx contained in the atmosphere by an electric signal conversion means. A first oxygen concentration detecting means is disposed for detecting an oxygen partial pressure in the second inner space, and a control voltage to be applied to the main pump means is adjusted on the basis of an output of the first oxygen concentration detecting means.

The invention discloses a method for assessing an SOH (state of health) of a lithium ion battery. The method comprises the following steps: a, establishing an internal resistance model of the lithium ion battery; b, acquiring current and terminal voltage data of the lithium ion battery under different SOCs (states of charge), and storing the data if the change rate of two adjacent current values is not greater than a set value; c, performing fitting on the stored data by utilizing the internal resistance model of the lithium ion battery to obtain an R2-SOC curve and a tau-SOC curve of the lithium ion battery during a discharge process, and further, working out the ohmic resistance and the diffusion resistance of the lithium ion battery at the T moment; d, calculating the SOH value of the lithium ion battery; e, performing assessment on the SOH of the battery according to the SOH value of the lithium ion battery. According to the method for assessing the SOH of the lithium ion battery disclosed by the invention, different SOH assessment methods are adopted by the lithium ion battery under different SOCs, and therefore, the accuracy of an assessment result is greatly improved. By adopting the method, maintenance personnel can discover and eliminate hidden troubles of the battery in time to ensure the normal operation of an electric vehicle.

The invention provides a method for preparing multi-level porous channel beta zeolite, and belongs to the technical field of preparation and application of the zeolite. The method is characterized in that: carbon grains which are generated under restriction of the sequent meso-porous channels are taken as a hard mold board, and added with a small molecular organic ammonium soft mold board to convert the meso-porous silicon-aluminum coating the carbon grain into the meso-porous beta zeolite in situ, and the meso-porous beta zeolite is calcined to remove the soft and hard mold boards so as to obtain the multi-level porous channel containing beta zeolite. Compared with the zeolite obtained by directly taking the meso-porous carbon as the mold board, the multi-level porous channel beta zeolite synthesized by the method does not need to remove the meso-porous silicon-aluminum first and then introduce the silicon-aluminum species synthesizing the zeolite, thereby reducing complicated working procedures as well as saving raw materials. The method has the advantages of greatly lowering diffusional resistance, reducing secondary reaction, and having better catalytic property and huge potential application values in fields such as petrochemical industry, fine chemical industry, and the like.

The invention relates to a method of preparing three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chelate resin which has a hydrophilic-structure framework and can absorb precious metal irons in aqueous solution, belonging to the field of the chelate resin. The method of preparing the three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chelate resin comprises the following steps: (1) preparing 80-1000nm silica colloidal crystal template; (2) preparing three-dimensionally ordered Poly(N-vinylformamide) or poly(n-vinylacetamide) macroporous material; and (3) preparing hydrophilic three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chelate resin. Compared with the traditional macroporous or gel-type polyvinylamine resin, the novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chelate resin prepared with the method has the advantages that the regularly-arranged porous channel system has small diffusion resistance, which is good for the metal irons enter the absorption center from all directions. In addition, the novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous chelate resin is easy to synthesize, has stable performance, good hydrophilic performance and high selectivity, contains many functional groups, can absorb a large number of metal irons and has better development and utilization values in the aspect of avoiding heavy metal pollution and protecting the environmental water.

A method and a sensing device of measuring a concentration of a gas component of a measurement gas, which method includes the steps of: introducing the measurement gas containing the gas component, from an external measurement-gas space into a first internal space, under a diffusion resistance; controlling an amount of oxygen in the measurement gas within the first internal space, so as to produce an atmosphere which does not substantially affect measurement of the gas component and which does not convert the gas component; introducing the atmosphere from the first internal space into a second internal space, under a diffusion resistance; and measuring the concentration of the gas component present in the atmosphere in the second internal space.

The invention relates to a beta zeolite particle with multistage openings, the mole ratio of SiO2 / Al2O3 being 80-120, the mean particle size being 0.1-0.5um, opening capacity being 0.35-0.50ml / g, and aperture collectively distributing at three-stage 0.1-1.7nm, 1.7-6.0nm and 10.0-90.0nm. In the beta zeolite preparing process, it uses optimization-condition hydrothermal synthesis method, after synthesis process, firstly proceeding ammonium salt processing procedure to prepare zeolite, then proper-conditioned acid treatment and hydrothermal treatment to prepare final beta zeolite. The prepared beta zeolite having three openings of different aperture, compared with the prior art, it can increase highly the utilization ratio of outer surface of fine grain, decrease diffusion resistance, and improve reaction selectivity. The invented process is simple, the cost is low, and the product repetitiveness is good. The beta zeolite can be used as catalyst for hydrocracking, and so on.

Method and sensor for measuring accurate measurement of NOx concentration in an exhaust gas containing O2,H2O, CO2 and NOx and a NOx gas concentration sensor. A first oxygen pump cell sufficiently pumps out oxygen in a measurement gas such as not to decompose NOx. A pair of electrodes is provided on an inner side and an outer side of a second measurement chamber into which the gas is introduced from a first measurement chamber via a diffusion resistance. A voltage is impressed across the paired electrodes for decomposing NOx in the second measurement chamber to dissociate oxygen which causes the current to flow in a second oxygen ion pump cell. The NOx gas concentration is measured for this current. The voltage impressed across the paired electrodes of the second oxygen ion pump cell is set so as not to dissociate H2O and CO2 present in the second measurement chamber.

A battery model and equivalent circuit that includes an ohmic resistance, a first RC-pair that models a battery cell charge transfer reaction and double layer processes and a second RC-pair that models battery cell diffusion. Each of the ohmic resistance, the charge transfer reaction resistance and the diffusion resistance in the model are variable resistances, where each resistance changes in response to a change in voltage potential across the resistance.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a proton exchange membrane used for a direct methanol fuel cell. The method is realized by that polyether ether ketone is added into concentrated sulfuric acid to carry out sulfonation reaction, thereby obtaining sulfonated polyether ether ketone, then the sulfonated polyether ether ketone is dissolved in organic solvent, N, N (1)-Carbonyldiimidazole is added to stir for one to three hours, coupling agent is mixed for stirring the reaction for 1.5 to 4 hours, then inorganic crosslinking agent is mixed to react under the temperature of 50 to 80 DEG C. Proton conductors are mixed to continue getting the mixed solution of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone or the inorganic crosslinking agent or proton conductors under the temperature. Finally the proton exchange membrane for a direct methanol fuel cell is obtained by that the mixed solution of the sulfonated polyether ether ketone or the inorganic crosslinking agent or proton conductors is / are processed through membrane forming, drying and exuviation. The membrane has the advantages of good methanol diffusion resistance, low cost, high proton conductivity and good water-resistant swelling performance under high temperature. The preparation method is simple, the raw materials have low price, and the production cost is low.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a Ti2CMXene-based battery electrode material. A Ti2CMXene film material is prepared. Through intercalation and exfoliation, the interlayer spacing is enlarged, and the material has a high specific surface area, good conductivity, good cycling stability and rate capability. Meanwhile, the MXene material which is intercalated has low ion diffusion resistance, low open-circuit voltage and high storage capacity, so that the MXene material is quite suitable for being applied to an electrode material of an energy storage apparatus such as a lithium battery and a supercapacitor. The preparation method disclosed by the invention is simple in process and low in cost and does not generate exhaust gas and exhaust liquids polluting the environment. The Ti2C film material prepared by the preparation method is good in conductivity and large in specific surface area. As the electrode material, the Ti2C film material has good cycling stability and rate capability. The specific capacity of the prepared battery is greatly enhanced compared with that of the battery prepared from a conventional material.

The invention discloses a thermal gravimetrical reactor applied to bulk specimen testing, belonging to testing equipment for performing thermo gravimetric analysis on specimens and aiming to solve the problems that small-mass and small-sized specimens are required and a sample vessel is unbeneficial to gas-solid reactions in the conventional thermo gravimetric analyzer. Through a high-temperature reactor, reaction gas is preheated fully, so that mass measuring errors caused by temperature change of the reaction atmosphere are avoided; two types of hanging baskets are specific to different specimens respectively, so that the diffusion resistance during the reactions of bulk specimens is reduced effectively, and complete reactions and measuring accuracy are ensured; the height of an electric heating furnace is adjusted through a hydraulic lifting platform, so that samples can be heated at constant temperature under a high-accuracy condition. The thermal gravimetrical reactor can be used for dynamically measuring the mass changes of bulk specimens at various heating rates or under a constant-temperature condition, and is more consistent with the requirements of scientific research production than the conventional thermal gravimetrical analyzer.

A method allowing the efficient conduction of highly exothermic, catalyst initiated reactions, particularly ones in which the product spectrum is highly dependant upon the temperature at which the process is conducted and to diffusional resistances within the catalyst particle matrix. The process occurs in a heat transfer device which consists of at least two channels which have at least one wall in common. Preferably two distinct sets of flow channels exist in which the process proceeds in one set of channels and heat transfer fluid passes through the second. The area of contact between the two sets of channels is sufficiently large to allow the efficient transfer of heat. These dimensions are controlled through the use of hollow catalyst particles through which the process gas can diffuse through either the inside or outside.

A catalyst for aromatizing paraffin is a non-noble metal modified nano-class zeolite molecular sieve, which is composed of MFI-type zeolite molecular sieve as carrier and the Zn and Ga as active component. It has high catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. Its preparing process is also disclosed.

This invention is one kind of high capability hydrogenation cracking catalyst and its preparing method, it belongs to new material, oil refining, petrochemical industry and energy technique field. Metal active component is carried by complex carrier, the catalyst prepared not only has high hydrocracking activity, but also high hydrodesulfurization activity, it can be use to deeply remove sulfur and nitrogen and other mixed atoms when in ifp basf hydrocracking process of lightening heavy oil fraction. Complex carrier is generated by interpose hole molecular sieve and zeolite molecular sieve. The central hole of complex carrier is propitious to highly disperse of active metal and reduce inside diffusional resistance of reactant molecule, and hydrogenation center and cracking center can be provided by acidity of zeolite molecular sieve. The beneficial effect of this invention is that dibenzanthracene thiophene and its derivant can fully transformed, cracked product in products can almost more than 80%. It is mainly used in lightening of heavy oil fraction in oil and coal liquid processing, sulfur, nitrogen and other mixed atoms can be removed at the same time.

This invention provides composite materials that combine the material properties of hydrophobic polymers with internal structure and order provided by polymerization of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs). Composites, particularly nanocomposites, are made by forming a LLC assembly that has hydrophobic regions and hydrophilic regions, combining hydrophobic polymer in the assembly and polymerizing the polymerizable LLC monomers in the assembly. The hydrophobic polymer, polymerized LLC assembly or both can be crosslinked in the composite. Nanoporous composites, particularly those with uniform-sized pores and / or with uniform pores distribution can be prepared in this way. In addition, complex polymers in which a second polymeric material, which may be organic or inorganic, can be introduced into the pores or other structural features of the composite can be prepared. Adding flexible hydrophobic polymers to the LLC assembly increases the flexibility and toughness of the resultant polymerized composite material to provide improved composite materials for use as membranes and in other applications. Hydrophobic polymer addition can also increase the diffusion resistance in the organic phase of the composite. Of particular interest are composites in which the hydrophobic polymer is butyl rubber or related synthetic rubber.

The invention discloses a ternary precursor with a controllable crystal structure, a positive electrode material and a preparation method of the positive electrode material. Specifically, a nickel-cobalt-manganese soluble salt, NaOH, concentrated ammonia water and a surfactant for oriented growth are separately formulated into solutions and then subjected to a coprecipitation reaction to obtain aternary precursor of an oriented grow structure; the precursor is mixed with a lithium source and then calcined at high temperature to obtain a ternary layered positive electrode material of an oriented grow precursor-like structure. The positive electrode material the crystal structure of which grows in a [003] direction is obtained by regulating the growth of the precursor, so that the order degree of internal structure growth is increased, the stability of internal structure growth is improved, cation mixing and Li+ diffusion resistance are reduced, and the Li+ diffusion coefficient is increased. The ternary precursor with the crystal structure controllable, the positive electrode material and the preparation method of the positive electrode material are applicable to lithium-ion powerbatteries. Compared with existing products, the ternary precursor and the positive electrode material have the advantages that the rate performance and cycle stability of lithium-ion batteries are significantly improved.

The invention relates to a method for synthesizing surface molecular engram materials, in particular to a method for preparing phenol molecular engram polymers on the surface of silica gel, which solves the problems in the prior surface molecular engram polymers of low molecular weight of functional macromolecules, low content of functional groups, low grafting percent of engram materials and so on. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, the silica gel is activated, reacts with a coupling agent, and reacts with a polymine aqueous solution; secondly, the surface of the silica gel is chemically grafted with polymine to prepare a grafting material PEI / SiO2; thirdly, the grafting material PEI / SiO2 which absorbs template molecules to be balanced is added into an ethanol aqueous solution of a crosslinking agent for reaction; and fourthly, reacted materials are repeatedly washed by a hydrochloric acid for removal of the template molecules, washed by distilled water to neutralization, and subjected to vacuum drying. The preparation process is simple, and the silica gel surface engram materials prepared have high absorption capacity and superior absorption selectivity on the template molecules, have actuating locus inside silica gel surface polymer films, have small diffusion resistance and quick mass transfer speed, and are easy to achieve absorption equilibrium.

In a fuel cell monitoring device, a gas-diffusion resistance calculation section calculates a gas-diffusion resistance Rtotal indicating a difficulty of diffusing reaction gas to a catalyst layer in a fuel cell based on a gas reaction resistance Rct calculated by a resistance calculation section. A second diffusion resistance calculation section calculates a second diffusion resistance Rdry varying depending on a dried-up in the fuel cell based on a proton transfer resistance Rmem calculated by the resistance calculation section. A first diffusion resistance calculation section calculates a first diffusion resistance Rwet varying depending on a flooding in the fuel cell by subtracting the second diffusion resistance Rdry from the gas-diffusion resistance Rtotal. A water content calculation section calculates a water content of the fuel cell based on the first diffusion resistance. A recovery control section adjusts the water content in the fuel cell based on the calculated water content.

A multilayer system on a substrate, the multilayer system being applied to the substrate by plasma deposition, characterized in that the multilayer system is configured such that it has substantial diffusion resistance to ions in an aqueous solution, wherein the current produced by the diffusion of the ions with the connection of an electric field gradient of more than 104V / m, preferably more than 105V / m, most preferred more than 107V / m is IIon<6.5×10−8 A / cm2, preferably IIon<6.5×10−10 A / cm2, particularly IIon<1×10−12 A / cm2.

A gas sensor and nitrogen oxide sensor, which, when fitted to the exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, can suppress the influence of harmful substances contained in a measurement gas and can prevent the reduction in sensitivity over time. A harmful substance-trapping layer is formed at a gas inlet for introducing a to-be-measured gas from an external space into an internal space, and in a buffering space formed between diffusion resistance portions. In a trap-formed portion of a gas passage in which the harmful substance-trapping layer is formed, the measurement gas can pass in an amount of 80% or more of when the harmful substance-trapping layer is not formed in the trap-formed portion. A diffusion resistance is attained in the diffusion resistance portions; a harmful substance is trapped in the harmful substance-trapping layer; and the measurement gas is allowed to flow into a detection electrode side.

The invention provides a micro-silicon accelerometer which has the functions of measuring pressure and temperature. The micro-silicon accelerometer not only can measure the change of the pressure and the environment temperature of a system, but also can measure the acceleration; the invention also provides a processing method. The micro-silicon accelerometer comprises a silicon single-crystal underlay (1) of single crystallographic orientation; the two surfaces of the silicon underlay (1) are covered by a composite film insulation layer (2); the two cantilever beam areas of the frontal surface of the silicon single-crystal underlay (1) are provided with four heat diffusion resistances (3) so as to assemble a wheatstone bridge. The micro-silicon accelerometer is characterized in that a mass area which is connected with the two cantilever beams is a silicon mass block (4); furthermore, the frontal surface of the mass block (4) is provided with a multi-layer structure of silicon dioxide / PSG / polycrystalline silicon / silicon dioxide / polycrystalline silicon; wherein, the polycrystalline silicon on the top is prepared to be four force-sensitive resistances (5) with longitudinal piezoresistive effect; a middle polycrystalline film is an elastic film (6) of a pressure sensor; furthermore, the PSG and a phosphorosilicate glass layer which is arranged below the polycrystalline elastic film form a hollow chamber (11); an internal aluminium wire is connected with four force-sensitive resistances (5) with the longitudinal piezoresistive effect so as to assemble the wheatstone bridge used for measuring the pressure change; furthermore, a boron-phosphorus area is arranged on the frame of the accelerometer so as to assemble the EB-junction (7) of an n-p-n triode.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a nano molybdenum disulfide / nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube array hybrid composite electrode. A carbon fiber fabric coated with a conductive carbon black layer is used as a substrate; a nitrogen-doped carbon nano tube array carrier is controllably prepared on a carbon fiber substrate through a chemical vapor deposition technology; then nitrogen-doped carbon nano tubes are oxidized to realize surface functionalization; and then the nitrogen-doped carbon nano tubes are firmly combined with a nano molybdenum disulfide material in a chemical bond form to form an electrode material with an integrated three-dimensional parallel hole structure and a bidirectional catalysis function. According to the invention, the carrier provided by the invention has excellent conductivity and relatively high mass transfer and load transfer capabilities; the nano molybdenum disulfide material combined by chemical bonds has good bidirectional catalytic activity of oxygen electroreduction and oxygen anion electrooxidation; the diffusion resistance and ion transmission resistance of oxygen species are reduced; the electrochemical activity and the structural stability of an electronic conductor are improved; and the preparation method has wide application prospects in electrode materials such as metal-air batteries, proton exchange membrane hydrogen fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells.

A sensor element for determining gas components in gas mixtures and a method for manufacturing the sensor element are provided, the sensor element having at least one pump cell which includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the first electrode being situated in a measuring gas space of the sensor element, and the pump cell pumping oxygen into or out of the measuring gas space of the sensor element. The surface area of the second electrode is greater than that of the first electrode, and the second electrode has a diffusion barrier against the gas mixture diffusing to the second electrode, the diffusion resistance of the diffusion barrier being determined by its porosity and / or layer thickness being selected such that, given a predefined pump voltage applied to the first and second electrodes, essentially the same pump current flows between the electrodes as would flow if the diffusion barrier were not provided and both electrodes had the same surface areas exposed to the gas mixture.