The invention provides a method for rapid positioning and mounting construction of fabricated structure concrete vertical components, and relates to a positioning and mounting construction method. Themethod comprises the technological steps of construction preparation, site acceptance, acceptance and treatment of an original structure, surveying and setting-out, hoisting, mounting in place, grouting filling, maintenance, demolition, self-inspection and marking, and acceptance, a customized limiting formwork is utilized, steel bar precise positioning, and prefabricated wall plate and column component alignment mounting measures are adopted, an elevation, horizontal position and verticality fine-tuning correction methods are summarized, and part of measurement means in steel structure construction are introduced creatively, so that component fine-tuning in place is faster and more precise, a complete set of positioning and mounting construction technology is formed, the problem of precise positioning and mounting of the vertical components is solved, and the construction quality is ensured more easily.