114 results about "Conduction mode" patented technology

The invention discloses a trapezoidal wave current soft switching method of an interleaving DC-DC converter, which is used for a two-phase interleaving bidirectional DC-DC converter based on a coupling inductor and a multi-phase interleaving converter thereof, and is characterized in that an inductive current adopts a trapezoidal wave mode, so that the converter works in an approximate critical conduction mode; a fixed switching frequency control or hybrid control method is adopted, so that the device can work in a Buck mode and can also work in a Boost mode. The method for realizing the soft switching is characterized in that the parasitic capacitance or the external resonant capacitor of the switching tube is discharged to be zero under the resonance action of the inductor and the capacitor in the dead zone time when the upper bridge arm switch and the lower bridge arm switch are alternately switched on, so that the zero-voltage switching-on of all the switching tubes is realized. And each phase current sharing control is adopted in the multi-phase interleaving parallel topological structure. According to the invention, the problems of large current peak value and high turn-off loss of a traditional triangular wave current mode are solved, the output ripple current is reduced, a soft switching method is provided, the switching loss is reduced, and the conversion efficiency of the converter is improved.

The invention provides a power battery system, a series-parallel connection control method, a movable carrier and a storage medium, and relates to the technical field of power batteries, the system comprises a control module, a switch module and N battery packs; the switch module is electrically connected with the control module and each battery pack respectively; the control module is used for responding to the charging and discharging control strategy and sending a series-parallel connection control signal to the switch module, and the series-parallel connection control signal comprises a series connection signal, a parallel connection signal or a series-parallel connection signal; and the switch module is used for entering a target conduction mode according to the control signal, so that the battery packs are connected according to a target connection mode, and the target connection mode comprises a series connection mode, a parallel connection mode or a series-parallel connection mode. The compatibility of the power battery system is improved by controlling the series-parallel connection mode of the battery packs in the power battery system.

The utility model discloses an unattended crude oil handover metering system, which is characterized in that a first density totalizer is arranged on the basis of a traditional dynamic handover system to detect the density of crude oil on line, and the first density totalizer adopts metering equipment for measuring the density of the crude oil on line by using electrical characteristics; crude oil density can be mutually verified through a capacitance mode and an electric conduction mode, the accuracy of crude oil density detection is improved, compared with other density metering equipment, the measured density error is small, and a parameter verification assembly is arranged on the basis of a traditional dynamic handover system. A second flow meter, a second temperature transmitter, a second pressure transmitter, a second water content meter and a second density integrating instrument are arranged on the verification pipeline, the front end of the verification pipeline is connected with a calibration crude oil tank through an oil supply pipe, calibrated crude oil is adopted, it can be avoided that metering devices of the same kind go wrong at the same time, and the accuracy of the verification process is guaranteed.

The invention provides a vehicle with a welded bus bar connector. In a high voltage vehicle electronic system, an electronic component having a tab is welded to a bus bar using pulsed laser welding. Each tab is welded to the bus bar by an array of welds. Each spot welding portion includes an inner region formed in a pinhole mode by laser welding and an outer region formed in a conduction mode by laser welding. The density of energy applied to the inner region is between ten and twenty times higher than the density of energy applied to the outer region.

This application discloses a power conversion device, a converter control method, and a system, belonging to the field of converter control technology. It includes: a condition identification module that monitors the voltage characteristics at the switching nodes of the converter and outputs an intermittent conduction mode enable signal; a frequency dithering modulation module that generates an instantaneous switching frequency based on a preset center frequency; a voltage closed-loop control module that determines a reference duty cycle based on the deviation between the converter's output voltage and a target reference voltage; and a feedforward compensation module that corrects the reference duty cycle based on the preset center frequency, the instantaneous switching frequency, and the intermittent conduction mode enable signal to obtain a corrected duty cycle. This application, through digital control and simple hardware, effectively eliminates low-frequency output voltage ripple caused by frequency dithering in intermittent conduction mode while retaining the significant electromagnetic interference reduction advantage of frequency dithering technology. It features low hardware cost, high system stability, and fast dynamic response.

The embodiment of the invention provides a method for controlling a DC / DC converter of a battery system, and the method comprises the steps: controlling the operation parameters of the DC / DC converter of the battery system based on the collected stack current IS of a battery stack of the battery system, so as to adjust the phase current of the DC / DC converter, and enabling a first DC / DC conversion unit and a second DC / DC conversion unit to be connected in parallel, according to the method, at least three operation intervals of the DC / DC converter are divided based on the collected stack current of the battery stack, so that in each operation interval, a first DC / DC conversion unit and / or a second DC / DC conversion unit only operate in one conduction mode, and the conduction modes comprise a continuous conduction mode and / or a discontinuous conduction mode (S1); the first phase current of the first DC / DC conversion unit or the second phase current of the second DC / DC conversion unit is selected as the AC injection current of the battery system on the basis of the conduction mode of the DC / DC conversion units (S2).

The invention relates to the technical field of power electronic component manufacturing and advanced composite material application, in particular to a 3D inductor based on the Ampere's law and a method thereof. The three-dimensional precise interlocking winding comprises a functional composite framework, a three-dimensional precise interlocking winding and a magnetic core assembly, according to the system, a framework is formed by compositing a heat-conducting insulating substrate and soft magnetic powder, and air gaps between winding layers are physically filled through step-shaped positioning ribs; the core is that a low-thermal-resistance export path is established by utilizing the high heat conduction characteristic of the framework, and a heat conduction mode is converted from coil-to-air to coil-to-framework; the gradient difference between the core temperature and the surface temperature in the coil is effectively reduced through the embedded heat dissipation array, the heat dissipation problem under the high power density is solved, and the device performance is remarkably improved.

The application relates to a critical conduction mode control method of a totem-pole PFC converter, which utilizes energy equivalence to determine the resonance process of inductor current at switching commutation, carries out totem-pole Boost inductor current value estimation, and on this basis, utilizes a current zero-crossing point prediction algorithm to calculate the turn-on and turn-off time to generate corresponding active tube-synchronous rectifier tube commutation dead time T d,f , synchronous rectification conduction time T SR , rectifier tube-active tube commutation dead time T d,r ; the PWM drive signals of high-speed switching tubes Q1 and Q2 are generated by T on , T d,f , T SR , T d,r ; the power frequency drive signals of low-speed switching tubes Q3 and Q4 are generated by comparing the input alternating voltage v ac with a hysteresis comparison loop and 0. The method can effectively get rid of the dependence on a current zero-crossing detection circuit and a current sensor, reduces the cost and improves the system stability.

A control apparatus includes a first signal generator configured to generate a first reset signal for determining an on-time of a high-voltage side switch of a first phase of a multi-phase power converter; a first comparator configured to generate a first set signal for determining a conduction moment of the high-voltage side switch of the first phase based on comparing the first current sensing signal and the voltage control signal; a first zero-crossing detection circuit configured to detect a zero-crossing point of the inductive current of the first phase; and a first phase bias voltage generator configured to generate a first bias voltage for configuring the first phase to exit the first continuous conduction mode when a zero crossing point of the inductive current of the first phase is detected.

This invention provides a bidirectional transient voltage suppressor with low dynamic resistance and high surge capability, comprising: a heavily doped semiconductor substrate of a first conductivity type; a first epitaxial layer disposed on the substrate; a conduction modulation buried layer disposed on the first epitaxial layer; a second epitaxial layer disposed on the conduction modulation buried layer; a heavily doped first conductivity type region disposed on the second epitaxial layer; a first electrode disposed on the front side of the heavily doped first conductivity type region and a second electrode disposed on the back side of the substrate; the conduction modulation buried layer is disposed inside the double epitaxial body region and is configured to form a high-concentration conductivity modulation region of charge carriers under transient high current impact conditions, forming a body region-dominated conduction path between the first epitaxial layer and the second epitaxial layer, so that the conduction current changes from concentrated conduction in the PN junction region to a laterally extended and planar distributed overall conduction mode within the body region, thereby reducing the dynamic resistance of the device and improving the surge carrying capacity of the device.

The invention discloses an ultra-low frequency conduction acoustic system based on reverse installation and a sapphire reflection structure, and belongs to the field of audio acoustics, the ultra-low frequency conduction acoustic system comprises a moving coil unit, the sapphire reflection structure and a sound tube, the moving coil unit is reversely installed on the inner side of an earphone surface cover, and a vibrating diaphragm faces the direction away from a sound outlet; sound waves are reflected to the reflecting surface of the stone surface cover of the sapphire reflecting structure through the rear cavity and then are transmitted to the sound outlet through the sound tube; the surface cover of the sapphire reflection structure is of a customized special-shaped structure, is accurately matched with the reflection angle of the rear cavity, and has optical-grade surface smoothness; the moving coil unit is combined with a plurality of moving iron units and static units, and the moving iron units and the static units adopt a forward sound wave conduction mode; the reverse sound wave path is prolonged and reflected by the high-hardness sapphire, and the low-frequency quantity sense is sufficient and distinct in hierarchy; an independent low-frequency sound path can be realized without increasing the volume of the earphone; low frequency and medium-high frequency are physically isolated, and mutual interference is reduced.

The invention relates to a modular charging connector, which comprises an integrated main body, a socket body, an alternating current and direct current terminal parallel connection module, a heat conduction temperature measurement module and a grounding and low-voltage signal module, the integration main body is combined with the socket body, the alternating current and direct current terminal parallel module and the heat conduction temperature measurement module are simultaneously accommodated in the integration main body, the heat conduction temperature measurement module is in thermal contact with a direct current / alternating current terminal of the alternating current and direct current terminal parallel module, the working temperature during charging is detected in a heat conduction mode, and the grounding and low-voltage signal module forms a connector form. The integrated main body is combined with the socket body and forms interlocking with the integrated main body; according to the connector, the components are modularized, and the modules are integrated and concentrated by taking the integrated main body as a core, so that the purposes of being easy to assemble and produce and beneficial to realizing automatic layout are achieved; in addition, the heat conduction temperature measurement module fully utilizes the space, the same group of sensing elements simultaneously sense the working temperature of the direct current / alternating current charging terminal in a heat conduction mode, and the charging temperature is more accurately detected.

The invention discloses an AC voltage conversion circuit and a control method, and relates to the technical field of power electronics, and the AC voltage conversion circuit comprises a control module, an input inductor, a switching tube module, a first follow current capacitor, a second follow current capacitor and an output capacitor. The first end of the input inductor is connected with the first end of the input power supply, and the second end is connected with the first end of the switching tube module; the second end of the switching tube module is connected with the second end of the input power supply, the third end is connected with the first end of the second follow current capacitor, the first end of the output capacitor and the first end of the load, and the fourth end is connected with the second end of the second follow current capacitor and the first end of the first follow current capacitor; and the fifth end is connected with the second end of the first follow current capacitor, the second end of the output capacitor and the second end of the load. By arranging the inductor, the capacitor, the switch tube and other devices, the devices are more concise, and the control module can realize conversion between direct current and alternating current only by controlling the conduction mode of the switch tube module.

The embodiment of the invention provides electronic equipment, and belongs to the technical field of electronics, a shell of the electronic equipment comprises a structural part opposite to a display screen, and a heating device, an active liquid cooling module and a passive liquid cooling module are arranged in a containing cavity of the shell. The display screen or the structural member, the active liquid cooling module, the passive liquid cooling module and the heating device are stacked and are in mutual heat conduction contact, heat of the heating device is transmitted to the display screen or the structural member with a large area through the passive liquid cooling module and the active liquid cooling module for heat dissipation, the heat dissipation area is increased, and the heat dissipation efficiency is improved. By means of the heat conduction mode that the passive liquid cooling module is combined with the active liquid cooling module, efficient heat transfer can be achieved, the heat can be dispersed to all areas of the display screen or the structural part along with circulation of a refrigerant in the active liquid cooling module, the heat dissipation effect is remarkably improved, and the high heat dissipation requirement is met. According to the stacked structural design, the thinning design requirement of the electronic equipment can be met under the condition that the heat dissipation performance of the electronic equipment is improved.

The invention discloses a battery device and electric equipment. The battery device comprises a box body which is provided with an accommodating space and comprises a limiting beam; the battery monomer assembly is arranged in the accommodating space, and limiting beams are respectively arranged on two sides of the battery monomer assembly along the first direction; the heat management part is arranged in the containing space and comprises a plurality of heat exchange parts, the heat exchange parts are arranged in the second direction, battery monomers are connected between every two adjacent heat exchange parts in a heat conduction mode, each heat exchange part comprises a current collector and a body part, and the current collector is arranged on one side of the body part and connected with the body part in the height direction of the box body; the current collector and the body part extend in the first direction, a heat exchange flow channel is formed in the body part, the current collector is configured to guide a heat exchange medium into the heat exchange flow channel and is configured to guide the heat exchange medium out of the heat exchange flow channel, and the body part is connected with the limiting beams located on the two sides of the battery monomer assembly in the first direction respectively.

This application relates to modulator circuits (401, 501) for driving switching output stages (102) in a class-D amplifier system (400) or the like. The switching output stage (102) has an output node (105) and high-side and low-side switches (104H, 104L) for selectively connecting the output node to respective high-side and low-side voltages (VH, VL) and is configured to be operable in a continuous conduction mode of operation, in which there is always an output current flowing throughout a switching cycle and also in a discontinuous conduction mode of operation where there is a period in each switching cycle where there is no output current. The modulator circuit comprises a compensator (407, 408) operable to apply compensation, in the discontinuous conduction mode of operation, to at least partly compensate for a non-linearity when operating in the discontinuous conduction mode.

The invention provides printing equipment and a printing method. The printing equipment comprises a feeding assembly, a forming platform assembly and a movement mechanism which are arranged in a main machine. The feeding assembly transfers resin in the feeding assembly to the forming platform assembly through a one-way resin conduction material pumping assembly. The forming platform assembly comprises two nested barrels, and the barrel located on the inner layer is provided with an adsorption part. The movement mechanism comprises a cantilever and an adsorption mechanism, the cantilever can be detachably connected with the material pumping assembly, and the adsorption mechanism can adsorb the adsorption part. According to the technical scheme, the material pumping assembly in the material supply assembly is used for supplying resin in a one-way conduction mode, the blocking condition is reduced, then printing is conducted through the printing assembly, and the forming platform assembly of the printing assembly is fixed in an adsorption mode and is convenient to disassemble and replace. In addition, a movement mechanism is used as a power mechanism to selectively drive one of the forming platform assembly and the material pumping assembly, so that the structure of the whole device is simplified.

The present application relates to air conditioner detection technical field, propose a kind of air conditioner electrolytic capacitor health on-line detection method and system, the air conditioner electrolytic capacitor health on-line detection method includes collecting the voltage ripple signal of DC-DC step-down converter output in air conditioner, and detects the zero-crossing time of first time through direct current average voltage in a switching cycle, obtains first zero-crossing time;At the switching on starting moment or switching off moment of switching cycle, single sampling is carried out to output voltage ripple signal, and sampling voltage value is obtained;According to the running state of DC-DC step-down converter, it is judged that DC-DC step-down converter is currently in continuous conduction mode or discontinuous conduction mode;Based on the judgment result, corresponding capacitor parameter calculation model is selected, and the capacitance value and equivalent series resistance of output capacitor are calculated;The capacitance value and equivalent series resistance calculated are compared with preset threshold value, and if exceed threshold value, then trigger capacitor health state early warning.

A power factor correction converter, a controller and a zero current prediction circuit thereof. The power factor correction converter includes a power stage circuit, a current sensing circuit and a zero current prediction circuit. The power stage circuit is used to convert a rectified power source to generate an output power source, wherein the power stage circuit operates in a boundary conduction mode to correct the power factor of the rectified power source. The current sensing circuit is used to sense a current of an inductor to generate a current sensing signal. The zero current prediction circuit is used to control at least one switch according to the following steps: generating a second time period from a first time period between a first threshold value and a second threshold value according to a level of the current sensing signal; and switching a state of the at least one switch at an end point of the second time period, wherein the end point of the second time period corresponds to a zero current point when a current value of the inductor reaches zero.

This disclosure proposes a flyback converter, and a control circuit and a control method thereof. The control method comprises: working in a discontinuous conduction mode while the load state is light load; working in a boundary conduction mode while the load state is heavy load; working in a hybrid conduction mode while the load state is between light load and heavy load. A hybrid conduction mode cycle comprises N switching cycles, with the first N-1 switching cycles working in the boundary conduction mode while the Nth switching cycle working in the discontinuous conduction mode. Each switching cycle in the hybrid conduction mode cycle is controlled to work in the boundary conduction mode or the discontinuous conduction mode according to a set maximum value of the hybrid conduction mode cycle and a set first duty cycle. Each switching cycle in the hybrid conduction mode is adaptively control, thereby improving system efficiency.

The invention discloses a multi-magnetic-core variable inductor control method based on illumination adjustment and application of the multi-magnetic-core variable inductor control method in a boost converter. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring external illumination intensity information in real time through an illumination sensor arranged in an environment, and transmitting the acquired illumination data to a controller; and the controller controls the excitation current of the control winding in the multi-magnetic-core variable inductor according to a preset illumination threshold value, so that the equivalent inductance value of the variable inductor is adjusted. Dynamic switching of the boost converter among a continuous conduction mode (CCM), a boundary conduction mode (BCM) and a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is realized by adjusting an inductance value so as to adapt to different illumination conditions and load requirements. According to the method, the dynamic response capability, the maximum power point tracking efficiency and the overall energy conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic system under different irradiation intensities can be improved, and the method has good environment adaptability and wide application prospects.

This invention relates to the field of in-situ impedance testing technology for energy storage batteries. To address the current difficulties in achieving rapid tracking of wideband excitation signals and the inaccurate identification and measurement of electrochemical parameters, it provides a battery in-situ impedance testing method and system based on adaptive phase compensation. The method includes acquiring the initial reference current and actual sampled current of the battery charging and testing system; iteratively calculating the real-time phase lag angle and generating a corrected reference current command accordingly; predicting the current response in two steps based on a discrete mathematical model of the full-bridge converter in continuous conduction mode; and optimizing the switching state corresponding to the voltage vector that minimizes the composite cost function to drive the switching transistors of the full-bridge converter. This method balances fast dynamic response with zero phase error tracking, meeting the high-precision requirements of in-situ EIS testing of energy storage batteries.

A single-inductor multi-output DC-DC converter includes a regulation circuit that controls a switch to alternately charge at least two capacitors associated with at least two DC output voltages via a single inductor from a DC input port. The regulation circuit determines whether the DC-DC converter operates in continuous conduction mode (CCM) or discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). In CCM mode, the regulation circuit regulates the charging duty cycle of a first output voltage and generates an initial charging duty cycle for each of the other output voltages by scaling the first output voltage duty cycle. In DCM mode, the regulation circuit independently regulates the charging duty cycle of each output voltage and stores each duty cycle to be used for the next charging period of the same output voltage. The regulation circuit detects and handles undershoot and overshoot conditions to accelerate recovery at the output port.

The invention discloses a control method, device and equipment for a four-switch buck-boost converter, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the current input voltage and output voltage of the four-switch buck-boost converter, and generating a loop regulation quantity based on the output voltage and reference voltage after passing through a loop; the control period of the inductive current of the four-switch buck-boost converter is obtained; when the control period is smaller than or equal to a threshold value, the four-switch buck-boost converter is adjusted to be in a fixed-frequency intermittent conduction mode, and the time of the second stage of the inductive current is adjusted according to the loop adjusting quantity, so that the output voltage is kept stable; when the control period is larger than a threshold value, the four-switch buck-boost converter is adjusted to be in a frequency conversion continuous conduction mode, and the time of the first stage of the inductive current is adjusted according to the loop adjusting quantity, so that the output voltage is kept stable. According to the invention, ZVS can be realized while the difference of gains in different modes is reduced and the difficulty of loop design is reduced, and the optimal efficiency can be ensured.

This utility model discloses a low-power water-cooled rectifier power supply, including a chassis with a heat sink installed inside. Transformer assemblies and synchronous rectifier modules are mounted on both sides of the heat sink. The transformer assembly includes a magnetic core, which is horizontally mounted above the synchronous rectifier module. Heat sinks are mounted on both the top and bottom of one end of the heat sink, and IGBT modules are mounted on both heat sinks. The heat sink and heat sinks form a gradient thermal bridging structure. This utility model uses an integrated magnetic core, which not only reduces the size but also reduces magnetic leakage by more than 10%. It also employs a copper-aluminum gradient thermal bridging structure, indirectly connecting the IGBT module and the heat sink via heat sinks, changing the heat conduction mode and making it unaffected by water temperature, thus solving the condensation problem. Simultaneously, the copper heat sink acts as a high thermal conductivity zone, making close contact with the IGBT module, while the aluminum heat sink expands the heat dissipation area, resulting in a 60% reduction in thermal resistance.

The application discloses an electric tool and a control method thereof. The electric tool comprises a motor, a torque detection module, a rotating speed detection module and a controller. The motor has a multi-phase stator winding. Each phase winding of the motor can be conducted in a first conduction mode and a second conduction mode within a certain phase belt. The torque detection module is used for detecting the output torque of the motor. The rotating speed detection module is used for detecting the rotating speed of the motor. The controller is electrically connected with the torque detection module, the rotating speed detection module and the motor. The controller is configured to acquire the output torque and the rotating speed of the motor. In a first working stage, the electric angle of the motor conducted in the second conduction mode is adjusted to maintain the rotating speed of the motor in a substantially stable state. In a second working stage, the stator winding is controlled to be conducted in the first preset electric angle in the second conduction mode. The electric tool can consider the rotating speed and the output torque of the motor under different working conditions.

The invention provides a beauty instrument, and relates to the technical field of beauty equipment. The beauty instrument comprises a main machine and a plurality of beauty heads, and at least one of the beauty heads is installed on the main machine in a replaceable mode and electrically connected with the main machine. Wherein the host comprises a connecting mechanism and a control mechanism, the connecting mechanism is electrically connected with the beautifying head, and the control mechanism is electrically connected with the connecting mechanism and used for controlling the beautifying head through the connecting mechanism; the control mechanism comprises a first conduction part and a second conduction part, and the first conduction part and the second conduction part are both arranged on the outer surface of the main machine and used for making contact with an external conductor and forming an access. According to the cosmetic instrument, the working mode switching mode is changed from a conventional mechanical pressing mode to a contact conduction mode, so that a user does not need to adopt the mechanical pressing mode when controlling the cosmetic instrument to switch the working mode, the user experience is improved, the damage probability of the control mechanism is reduced, and the service life of the cosmetic instrument is prolonged.

A power converter can include a switching half-bridge having a top switch (TSW) and a bottom switch (BSW) coupled at a switch node; an energy storage element coupled to the switch node; and control circuitry that operates the switches in a fixed frequency PWM forced CCM with an adjustable dead time (DT) between turning off one switch and turning on another switch; monitors a load current of the power converter corresponding to a current through the energy storage element; and responsive to a load current greater than a first threshold, sets the adjustable DT to minimum DT; responsive to a load current less than a second threshold, sets the adjustable DT to a maximum DT; and responsive to a load current between the first and second thresholds, sets the adjustable DT to an intermediate DT between the minimum DT and the maximum DT.

The invention relates to a transient electromagnetic interference voltage determination method and device, equipment and a medium, and the method comprises the steps: building a field-circuit cooperation model based on a video monitoring system and the parameter information of a cable connected with the video monitoring system; based on the field-circuit cooperation model, obtaining a first interference voltage coupled to a video monitoring system port by space radiation; constructing a multi-conductor transmission line system model based on the transformer substation earth screen and shielding cable simulation model; based on the multi-conductor transmission line system model, acquiring a second interference voltage of the line which is conductively coupled to the video monitoring system port; and superposing the first interference voltage and the second interference voltage to obtain the transient electromagnetic interference voltage of the video monitoring system port. By adopting the method, the problem that the transient electromagnetic interference voltage cannot be accurately determined in the prior art can be solved.

The invention provides an AUX signal transmitting and receiving circuit, method, device and system, and relates to the technical field of integrated circuits, and the circuit comprises a level conversion module and a signal conversion module. The level conversion module is electrically connected with the first transceiving end and the signal conversion module; the signal conversion module is also electrically connected with the second transceiving end; the level conversion module is used for responding to a first conduction control signal, entering a first conduction mode and obtaining a first AUX signal from a first receiving and transmitting end, and the first AUX signal is a single-ended signal of an initial voltage value; converting the first AUX signal into a second AUX signal and sending the second AUX signal to a signal conversion module, wherein the second AUX signal is a single-ended signal of a target voltage value; and the signal conversion module is used for converting the second AUX signal into a third AUX signal and sending the third AUX signal to the second receiving and sending end, and the third AUX signal is a differential signal of the target voltage value. According to the invention, normal communication between the system-on-chip and the display interface is realized.