436 results about "Fluid temperature" patented technology

The invention relates to a method for predicting a fluid temperature field of a middle-deep layer sleeve type buried pipe containing a horizontal well, and the method comprises the following steps: constructing a heat transfer model of the middle-deep layer sleeve type buried pipe containing the horizontal well, and dividing the model into a vertical section and a horizontal section; and carrying out iterative solution on the heat transfer model. Compared with the prior art, the method has the advantages that the calculation amount is reduced, the temperature field is accurately predicted, and the like.

Predictive controllers are disclosed which provide, among other things, efficient strategics for controlling heat transfer to or from a liquid. A method and system are disclosed that includes receiving input information including any or all of user preferences, energy price information, solar information, and GHG intensity information, determining with the predictive controller settings information to provide one or both of fluid temperature set points and compressor settings of a heat pump system and heating the fluid in response to the settings information to provide hot fluid according to the user preferences and to achieve the economic efficiencies.

The invention provides a temperature measurement system and compensation method of non-direct contact fluid, and relates to the technical field of temperature detection. The temperature measurement system comprises a dynamic compensation module, a steady-state deviation compensation module and a steady-state judgment module, the temperature sensor collects the temperature value of fluid which is not in direct contact with the temperature sensor, and the temperature value is subjected to hysteresis compensation through the dynamic compensation module. The steady state judgment module judges whether the temperature is in a steady state or not according to the temperature value subjected to hysteresis compensation, and if not, the temperature value subjected to hysteresis compensation is output; if yes, a steady-state deviation compensation module carries out steady-state deviation compensation on the temperature value after hysteresis compensation and then outputs the temperature value. The temperature measurement system can effectively improve the accuracy and response characteristics of non-contact fluid temperature measurement by combining dual mechanisms of dynamic compensation and steady-state deviation compensation.

The invention provides a well-station-oil depot coupling simulation-based crude oil coagulation risk optimization method, which comprises the following steps of: firstly, designing a well-station-oil depot pipe network system topological structure, analyzing a pipe network structure, and numbering wells, stations, oil depots and pipelines to obtain the numbers of an upstream pipeline and a downstream pipeline of each pipeline; then, a well-station-oil depot pipe network system is disassembled into a node + pipeline form, each pipeline is dispersed into a plurality of calculation units, and the pipe section length, diameter and dip angle of each calculation unit are obtained; according to the fluid temperature of each wellhead, the fluid entering pressure of each station and a PVT physical property table, assuming the temperature and pressure of all nodes to obtain the average temperature and pressure of each pipe section; and calculating crude oil physical property parameters, crude oil flow parameters, pressure drop and temperature drop parameters of each pipe section by adopting an iterative method to obtain pressure and temperature of all nodes, and finally judging the pipe condensation risk according to the physical property parameters and the pipeline pressure and temperature. The pipe condensation risk can be automatically judged, and the production efficiency and safety are improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of ground source heat pumps, and discloses a buried pipe type heat exchanger temperature distribution determining method which is based on a U-shaped buried pipe heat exchange system and comprises the steps that an equilibrium equation is established, and initial conditions and boundary conditions are set; calculating thermal resistance of each part according to thermophysical parameters of rock soil and a system; determining an initial drilling wall temperature distribution and an initial fluid temperature distribution before the system begins to operate; determining the heat flux density of the rock soil converged outside the well in each small section of the U-shaped buried pipe; establishing a line source model equation set, and calculating drilling wall temperature distribution in a system operation process; well wall temperature distribution in the system operation process is substituted into the balance equation, and fluid temperature distribution and heat exchange amount in the system operation process are obtained; and performing cycle calculation according to the cycle index and the operation period. According to the method, the ground heat exchanger model is established through the virtual heat source method, the temperature distribution condition of rock soil and fluid in the well in the operation cycle is obtained, and the thermal behavior of the tube well in the drilled well is predicted.

The invention discloses a temperature regulation and control method and system for a main loop of a thermal hydraulic experiment system, and relates to the field of thermal hydraulic experiment research. The invention discloses a temperature regulation and control method for a main loop of a thermal hydraulic experiment system. The method comprises the steps of collecting historical data of the thermal hydraulic experiment system; training the to-be-trained valve opening prediction model to obtain a trained valve opening prediction model; the real-time experimental branch heating power, the cooler primary side inlet fluid flow, the cooler primary side inlet fluid temperature and the cooling water inlet fluid temperature serve as input parameters of the valve opening prediction model, and a valve opening feed-forward value is obtained through real-time prediction; a valve opening feedback value is obtained; and adding the valve opening feedforward value and the valve opening feedback value to obtain a valve opening value, and respectively controlling a cooling water flow regulating valve, a main loop cooler bypass flow regulating valve and a main loop cooler branch flow regulating valve to realize temperature regulation and control of the main loop of the thermal hydraulic experiment system. The problems that the main loop of the thermal hydraulic experiment system is difficult to maintain relatively stable in the experiment process and the flow fluctuation of the main loop is large when the temperature is regulated and controlled are solved.

The invention discloses a phase change sweating cooling non-equilibrium flow heat transfer numerical simulation method which comprises the following steps: after initialization assignment, obtaining physical property parameters of a liquid phase and a gas phase according to a fluid temperature, and calculating a mixing density, a hybrid viscosity, a mixing enthalpy, a convection term coefficient and a diffusion term coefficient; boundary conditions are given to the cooling fluid continuity equation, the cooling fluid momentum equation, the cooling fluid energy equation and the porous framework energy equation; solving a cooling fluid continuity equation and a cooling fluid momentum equation; various items in a cooling fluid energy equation and a porous skeleton energy equation are divided into an unsteady state item, a convection item, a diffusion item and a source item, the four items are expressed by compiling a UDF function and then loaded into a UDS equation in FLUENT, new mixing speed, new mixing pressure intensity, new mixing enthalpy and new solid phase temperature are solved, and the optimal mixing speed, the optimal mixing enthalpy and the optimal solid phase temperature are obtained. The difference value between the initial value and the corresponding initial value in the iteration is judged, if the requirement is met, calculation can be ended, and if not, iteration is conducted again after the solid phase temperature and the fluid saturation are updated.

An adiabatic system and method for reducing water and energy use is provided. The system comprises an adiabatic heat rejection system including a temperature sensor configured to measure the ambient wet-bulb temperature of the adiabatic system based on a measured temperature of water exiting a wetted media pad. A method for adjusting the operational parameters of the system to minimize water and energy use is provided. The method comprises the steps of determining an approximate ambient wet-bulb temperature of the adiabatic heat rejection system based on a measured temperature of water leaving the adiabatic pad, determining if a measured temperature of a process fluid stream is above a process fluid temperature setpoint, determining if the adiabatic heat rejection system is in a water conservation mode of operation or an energy savings mode of operation, and adjusting one or more operational parameters based on the mode of operation.

A pump system including a prevention mechanism for preventing excessive fluid temperature buildup of system fluid. The overheat prevention mechanism includes a thermally-responsive control component (130) made with a thermally-responsive material. The thermally-responsive control component is located in the pump system (112) such that the thermally-responsive material is in thermal communication with the system fluid for effecting a change in temperature of the thermally-responsive material. The thermally-responsive material is configured to have an activation temperature that is a predefined amount less than a maximum operating temperature of the system fluid. The thermally-responsive control component is configured to cooperate with a pump control mechanism in the system to decrease pump output pressure in response to the thermally-responsive material being heated by the fluid to a temperature that is equal to or greater than the activation temperature of the thermally-responsive material.

A system for operating a flow meter in a fluid pipeline comprises at least one flow conditioner or mixer: at least one flow meter: a pair of pressure sensors or transmitters, to measure a differential pressure of the at least one flow conditioner or mixer; at least one further pressure sensor or transmitter that measures a fluid pressure in the pipeline; and at least one temperature sensor for measuring a fluid temperature in the pipeline. A method for operating the flow meter is also provided.

The invention discloses a fluid temperature and pressure partitioning and heat transfer prediction method under supercritical pressure, which comprises the following steps: firstly, constructing a dimensionless criterion SEN to quantitatively evaluate a fluid expansion effect, and then dividing heat transfer into a plurality of temperature and pressure intervals based on Nuexp / Nufc; for each partition and the constructed dimensionless criterion, a temperature interval of a dominant mechanism and characteristic parameters representing the dominant mechanism are extracted, and particularly, the reasonability of a single-phase fluid hypothesis and a two-phase fluid hypothesis can be rapidly judged through the constructed dimensionless criterion; and establishing a partition prediction model by adopting a mechanism and data dual-drive framework. And finally, calling the corresponding sub-model according to the working condition and processing the cross-region continuity to realize high-precision heat transfer prediction in the full working condition range. The method solves the problem that a traditional method is difficult to predict full-temperature pressure interval heat transfer at high precision, and can be used for precise thermal design of the supercritical working medium in thermal equipment such as boilers, heat regenerators and coolers.

Systems and methods for identifying a status of components of hydraulic fracturing units including a prime mover and a hydraulic fracturing pump to pump fracturing fluid into a wellhead via a manifold may include a diagnostic control assembly. The diagnostic control assembly may include sensors associated with the hydraulic fracturing units or the manifold, and a supervisory control unit to determine whether the sensors are generating signals outside a calibration range, determine whether a fluid parameter associated with an auxiliary system of the hydraulic fracturing units is indicative of a fluid-related problem, determine whether lubrication associated with the prime mover, the hydraulic fracturing pump, or a transmission of the hydraulic fracturing units has a lubrication fluid temperature greater than a maximum lubrication temperature, or determine an extent to which a heat exchanger assembly associated with the hydraulic fracturing units is cooling fluid passing through the heat exchanger assembly.

The invention belongs to the technical field of industrial automation control, and relates to a seasoning filling PID parameter adaptive optimization control method and system. The method comprises the steps that the real-time temperature of fluid in a filling pipeline, the static pressure of a valve inlet, the instantaneous flow and a valve opening instruction are collected, and moving average filtering preprocessing is carried out; constructing a self-adaptive forgetting factor calculation model based on the viscosity-temperature characteristics, and calculating a current optimal forgetting factor according to the fluid temperature change rate, the flow prediction error and the fluctuation condition of the flow data; a recursive algorithm is used for identifying the system process gain online, and the proportional gain of a PID controller is calculated in real time according to the identified process gain and the ratio of the hydrostatic pressure to the standard reference pressure; and the gain is input into a controller, and a final valve opening instruction is generated in combination with integral and differential terms. According to the method, the dynamic adjustment of the algorithm memory length can be realized, the viscosity change can be quickly adapted, excessive filling and slow response are eliminated, and high-precision filling under complex working conditions is ensured.

The invention discloses a temperature control valve. The temperature control valve comprises a valve body, a valve element assembly and a temperature sensing assembly. A conveying space and a temperature sensing space are defined by the valve body, a liquid inlet, a first liquid outlet and a second liquid outlet are formed in the peripheral wall of the valve body in the conveying space, the temperature sensing space is communicated with the liquid inlet, and the valve element assembly is movably installed in the conveying space; the temperature sensing assembly comprises a reversing piece and a temperature sensing piece, the reversing piece is movably arranged in the temperature sensing space, the temperature sensing piece is arranged in the temperature sensing space, and the reversing piece is in transmission connection with the temperature sensing piece and the valve element assembly; when the temperature of the fluid is lower than the preset temperature, the fluid drives the reversing part to drive the valve element assembly to communicate with the liquid inlet and the first liquid outlet and block the liquid inlet and the second liquid outlet. And when the fluid temperature is not lower than the preset temperature, the temperature sensing piece drives the reversing piece to drive the valve element assembly to communicate the liquid inlet with the second liquid outlet, and the liquid inlet and the first liquid outlet are blocked. The flow direction of the fluid does not need to be controlled through a temperature sensor and an electric control program, and the control mode of the flow direction of the fluid can be simplified.

According to the flow control system and method for the filter element flow resistance performance test provided by the invention, the self-adaptive PID control closed loop taking the real-time flow resistance coefficient as the core feedback quantity is constructed, and the high-precision sensing network and the intelligent decision algorithm are integrated; the defect that traditional manual or simple PID control is difficult to adapt to filter element characteristic change and environmental interference is successfully overcome; specifically, the system dynamically collects flow, pressure difference and temperature signals and calculates the flow resistance coefficient of a filter element in real time, PID control parameters (proportion, integration and differential terms) are adjusted in a self-adaptive mode according to the flow resistance coefficient, meanwhile, the reference value of a sensor is periodically calibrated so as to eliminate drift errors, and an electric control valve is driven to rapidly and accurately respond; according to the method, the dynamic stability and static precision of flow control are remarkably improved, multi-source interference such as pipeline pressure pulsation and fluid temperature change is effectively compensated, the steady-state error of the test flow is greatly reduced, and finally the efficient and high-precision automatic test of the flow resistance performance of the filter element is achieved.

The present invention provides a monitoring system comprising: a sensor which is provided in a pipe for connecting a demand end and a supply end of a fluid and which collects sensing information related to the pipe; a receiving unit which is connected to the sensor and which receives sensing information from the sensor; a control unit for outputting a temperature value of the fluid by using the sensing information through calibration; a heating cable which is provided in the pipe, and which heats the pipe on the basis of the temperature value of the fluid; an HMI module, which uses a graphic model related to a pipe system including a plurality of pipes, so as to display the temperature value of the fluid and a change, due to heating, in the temperature value of the fluid; and a display for outputting the graphic model. According to the present invention, the temperature of the fluid can be controlled using the heating cable through monitoring of heat tracing based on an optical fiber sensor.

Techniques of processing a flare gas include operating a flare gas piping network to output a flare from a plurality of flows of a purge gas in purge gas headers coupled to a main header, and during operation of the flare gas network to output the flare from the plurality of flows of the purge gas: obtaining a fluid pressure of the flow of the purge gas at each purge gas header; obtaining a fluid temperature of the flow of the purge gas at each purge gas header; and obtaining a rate of the flow of the purge gas at each purge gas header; and based on the obtained fluid pressures, fluid temperatures, and rates of the flows of the purge gas, determining an optimized flow velocity of the purge gas at each of the plurality of purge gas headers.

The invention discloses a low-temperature liquid flowmeter calibration method, device and equipment, a medium and a product, relates to the technical field of calibration, and aims to solve the problem of low efficiency and accuracy when a flowmeter is calibrated. The low-temperature fluid flowmeter calibration method is applied to control equipment in a low-temperature fluid flowmeter calibration system. The calibration system for the low-temperature fluid flowmeter further comprises a first acquisition device, a standard meter, a second acquisition device and a temperature transmitter. The low-temperature fluid flowmeter calibration method comprises the steps that under the condition that second flow information and fluid temperature meet calibration conditions, multiple groups of accumulated mass flows are obtained; one group of accumulated mass flow comprises one piece of first flow information and one piece of second flow information measured in the same acquisition time period; different groups of accumulated mass flows correspond to different mass flow points; and according to the multiple groups of accumulated mass flow rates, determining an error value corresponding to each mass flow rate point of the to-be-calibrated flow meter so as to calibrate the to-be-calibrated flow meter.

A variable resistance pedal assembly (100) for use in a vehicle includes a pedal (104) pivotally moveable between a plurality of operational states including a first operational state, a second operational state and an infinite number of intermediate operational states between the first and second operational states. The assembly also includes a hydraulic damper (130) to dynamically control an effort of the pedal in one or more of the operational states and during one or more movements between the operational states and a pedal position sensor (190) coupled to the pedal. The assembly also includes a controller (200) electrically coupled to each of a fluid valve (170), a fluid temperature sensor (183), an optional fluid pressure sensor (180), and a pedal position sensor with the controller pre-programmed to choose a valve position for the fluid valve based upon at least a measured pedal position that correlates to one of the operational states and a measured temperature.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of plate heat exchanger performance testing, and discloses a plate heat exchanger performance testing tool which comprises a fixing frame which is fixedly connected with a hot fluid inlet pipe, a cold fluid outlet pipe, a hot fluid outlet pipe and a cold fluid inlet pipe which are arranged in a penetrating mode. The hot fluid inlet pipe, the cold fluid outlet pipe, the hot fluid outlet pipe and the cold fluid inlet pipe are each provided with a fluid temperature sensor, a fluid flow sensor and a fluid pressure sensor, and sealing shells are arranged on the outer sides of the fluid temperature sensors, the fluid flow sensors and the fluid pressure sensors. The two ends of the hot fluid inlet pipe, the two ends of the cold fluid outlet pipe, the two ends of the hot fluid outlet pipe and the two ends of the cold fluid inlet pipe are communicated with the plate heat exchanger and the fluid pipeline, fluid temperature sensors, fluid flow sensors and fluid pressure sensors are arranged on the hot fluid inlet pipe, the cold fluid outlet pipe, the hot fluid outlet pipe and the cold fluid inlet pipe so that the performance of the plate heat exchanger can be tested, and use is quite convenient.

The invention provides a method and a system for calculating wellbore pressure at a temperature-pressure coupling low shear rate, and belongs to the technical field of drilling engineering. According to the method, the rheological parameters of the fluid at the low shear rate are obtained by fitting in combination with the test data of the fluid at the low shear rate; and on the basis, a calculation model of the fluid rheological parameters under the temperature and pressure conditions is established in combination with the influence of the fluid temperature and pressure on the fluid rheological parameters, and a wellbore circulation friction calculation model of the fluid at the low return speed is obtained according to a fluid circulation friction pressure drop calculation equation. According to the method, a key reference method is provided for accurate calculation of the wellbore pressure of fluid under the condition of low return speed under deep well temperature-pressure coupling, and finally, the occurrence of complex conditions such as leakage and overflow in the drilling and completion process of a deep narrow safe density window stratum is reduced.

The utility model provides a fluid heating device and semiconductor equipment. The fluid heating device comprises an input pipeline, a heating system and an output pipeline, wherein the input pipeline is used for inputting fluid to be heated; the heating system is arranged at the downstream of the input pipeline; the heating system comprises at least two parallel heating pipelines, at least two heaters arranged on the heating pipelines and sequentially arranged in the flowing direction of fluid, and a first temperature sensor used for monitoring the temperature variation of the fluid heated by the heaters. The flow meter and the first adjusting valve are arranged on the heating pipelines and used for metering and adjusting the flow of fluid entering the heating pipelines respectively, and the mixing pipeline collects the heating fluid output by all the heating pipelines and is communicated with the output pipeline. By means of the heating system, the flexibility of fluid temperature regulation and control and more accurate temperature control are achieved.

The application discloses a kind of in-pipe fluid temperature measurement method, system, electronic equipment and storage medium, it is related to in-pipe temperature measurement technical field, the method comprises: determining the fixed parameter of target to be measured, the flow rate of fluid, noise variance and observation variance;Fixed parameter includes pipe wall thickness, pipe wall material thermal conductivity, fluid convection heat transfer coefficient and air convection heat transfer coefficient;According to the optimal in-pipe temperature of last time and the flow rate of fluid, determine the predicted temperature of current time;According to the optimal covariance of last time and noise variance, determine the covariance of current time;The optimal covariance of last time is determined according to the weight coefficient of last time, covariance, fixed parameter and observation variance;According to the weight coefficient of current time, determine the covariance of current time, fixed parameter and observation variance;According to the predicted temperature of current time, weight coefficient, outer wall temperature, air temperature, fixed parameter and observation variance, determine the optimal in-pipe temperature of current time.The application expands the use range of in-pipe temperature measurement.

To monitor the status of a heat storage unit disposed in a return circuit that returns a heat medium from a controlled object to a chiller device, and to detect deterioration of the heat storage unit in advance.SOLUTION: A monitoring system 30 is used for a heat exchange system 1 in which a low-temperature heat storage unit 4A is disposed in a low-temperature fluid return circuit L62 that returns a temperature control fluid from a temperature control member 110 to a low-temperature chiller device 120A, and a high-temperature heat storage unit 4B is disposed in a high-temperature fluid return circuit L72 that returns the temperature control fluid from the temperature control member 110 to a high-temperature chiller device 120B. The monitoring system 30 uses a low-temperature inflow temperature sensor 32, a low-temperature outflow temperature sensor 33, a high-temperature inflow temperature sensor 34, and a high-temperature outflow temperature sensor 35 to measure fluid temperature of the temperature control fluid flowing through a low-temperature heat storage unit 4A and a high-temperature heat storage unit 4B, and determines the status of the low-temperature heat storage unit 4A and the high-temperature heat storage unit 4B based on the temperature change.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

An electric working machine (1) includes: a machine body (2); a battery unit (30) mounted on the machine body; an electric motor (9) to be driven by electric power from the battery unit; a hydraulic device to be actuated by power from the electric motor; a working device (20, 10) to be actuated by a hydraulic pressure of a hydraulic fluid supplied from the hydraulic device; a controller (7) to control driving of the electric motor; a switching member (5c, 58) operable to be switched between a first position for permitting actuation of the working device and a second position for not permitting the actuation of the working device; and a fluid temperature detector (44) to detect a temperature (T) of the hydraulic fluid, and while the electric motor is being driven, when the switching member is switched to the second position and the temperature of the hydraulic fluid is within a predetermined allowable temperature range that is neither in a low temperature state nor a high temperature state, the controller (7) controls a rotation speed (R) of the electric motor to a predetermined first rotation speed (R1) corresponding to a stopped state of the electric motor.

The utility model discloses an efficient and stable heat exchange type heat exchanger which comprises a main body assembly, a heat exchange assembly is arranged in the main body assembly, and the heat exchange assembly comprises a second liquid inlet pipe, a pump machine, a flow dividing pipe, a spiral pipe, a flow converging pipe, a temperature sensor, a second liquid outlet pipe, a spiral flow guide plate and a through hole. Hot fluid is shunted through the shunting pipe, the heat exchange area is increased by arranging the multiple spiral pipes, meanwhile, the spiral pipes can improve the stroke of the hot fluid in the heat exchanger, and therefore sufficient heat exchange of the hot fluid is guaranteed, the stroke of cold fluid is increased through the spiral flow guide plate, and the cold fluid and the hot fluid are controlled to flow reversely. Heat exchange can be efficiently and stably completed between cold fluid and hot fluid; the temperature sensor is used for detecting the temperature of fluid in the confluence pipe, the control panel is used for judging whether the heat-exchanged hot fluid reaches the standard or not, the working efficiency of the pump machine is changed according to the actual temperature, and therefore the flow speed of the fluid is adjusted in real time, and the heat exchange effect is improved.

The present invention discloses a thermal mass flowmeter probe, which includes a hollow outer shell, a heating element with temperature detection function and a temperature detection element; the heating element is arranged at the lower end inside the outer shell, and its lower end face is in the same plane as the lower end face of the outer shell and is axially perpendicular to the outer shell; the temperature detection element is arranged inside the outer shell and is thermally isolated from the heating element. Compared with the prior art, the heating element in the thermal mass flowmeter probe of the present invention is arranged at the lower end inside the outer shell and the lower end face is axially perpendicular to the connecting shaft of the thermal mass flowmeter. Therefore, while the heating element is well protected, it can also have good thermal contact with the fluid, thereby improving the measurement accuracy of the thermal mass flowmeter probe. In addition, the heating element and the temperature detection element are thermally isolated, reducing the influence of the heating element on the temperature detection element, making the measurement of the fluid temperature more accurate, and thus the flow measurement more accurate.

The invention provides an aluminum alloy precision forging forming die multi-area independent temperature control system and method, the system comprises a forming die assembly, a force thermal decoupling support base, a fluid temperature control supply station and a main control unit, the forming die assembly comprises a plurality of heat conduction inserts separated by heat insulation isolation layers; a rigid bearing loop and a dynamic thermal control loop which are parallel to each other are integrated on the force thermal decoupling supporting base, the dynamic thermal control loop drives the high-thermal-conductivity telescopic thermal bridge and the interface flexible dielectric layer to ascend and descend through a displacement actuator, and in a non-forging state, the thermal bridge supports the heat conduction insert and maintains a safety gap with the rigid bearing stand column; in the forging impact stage, the heat conduction insert moves downwards to eliminate the safety gap, the rigid bearing stand column bears the forming load, the main control unit adjusts the output force of the actuator according to temperature feedback, and the contact thermal resistance is adjusted and controlled in real time by changing the interface contact pressure. The problem that a precise temperature control assembly is difficult to bear forging impact is solved, and quick and precise response of multi-area independent heat flow is achieved.

A hydraulic system (12) for an aircraft (10), wherein the hydraulic system (12) includes a hydraulic power pack (14), a hydraulic fluid reservoir (28) and a hydraulic pump (30), a hydraulic consumer (18), a high-pressure supply line (38) supplying the hydraulic consumer (18) with hydraulic fluid under higher pressure, and a low-pressure return line (40) returning hydraulic fluid under lower pressure from the hydraulic consumer (18); heating device (42) with a short-cut line (44) connecting the high-pressure supply line (38) with the low-pressure return line (40) and a heater valve (46) for opening and closing the short-cut line (44), and a control and monitoring unit (43). Temperature management includes automatically controlling a fluid temperature by monitoring the fluid temperature and controlling the heater valve (46).

A cooling system includes one or more cooling panels for affecting a cooling load in an environment. The cooling system also includes a heat exchanger coupled to the one or more cooling panels. Each cooling panel includes a film, a panel body, an inlet port, an outlet port, and a fluid path. The film's radiative properties allow it to achieve a temperature less than an environment temperature. The heat exchanger includes ports that are coupled to the fluid paths of the one or more cooling panels. A control system is used to control flow rates, flow paths, fluid temperatures, component temperatures, cooling rates, component operation, or other aspects of a cooling system. For example, the control system controls or monitors pumps, compressors, fans, valves, sensors, actuators, or a combination thereof.