The invention discloses a TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) satellite rainfall product downscaling method based on M5-Local and a multi-environmental factor variable. An M5-Local regression thought is adopted, and a plurality of environment stress factors with high spatial resolutions are fully utilized to improve the spatial resolution of the product. Firstly, 1km environmental variable factors, such as eight pieces of data including a vegetation index, a digital elevation model, a daytime surface temperature, a night surface temperature, a terrain moisture index, a gradient, a slope aspect and a slope length gradient, are subjected to aggregate calculating to obtain 25km which serves as an independent variable, corresponding 25km-resolution TRMM data is used as a dependent variable, an M5-Local method is adopted for modeling, the intercept of a regression modeling equation of 1km spatial resolution and a slope parameter corresponding to each environment factor variable are predicted, and a 1kmTRMM rainfall value is calculated. A downscaling result based on an M5-Local model is obviously superior to a downscaling result of a conventional regression model.