The invention provides a blade type pneumatic motor with a variable expansion ratio. The blade type pneumatic motor comprises a front machine cover, a rear machine cover, a front end cover, a main exhaust hole rotation rear end cover, a rotor, a stator, a blade and a driving mechanism seal housing; a main exhaust hole, an inner ring groove, a top groove and a driven gear are machined on the main exhaust hole rotation rear end cover; the rotor and the stator are eccentrically arranged in an non-internally tangent manner; and a driving mechanism on the rear machine cover is packaged by the driving mechanism seal housing. According to practical requirements, under the driving of the driving mechanism, the volume at the moment of expansion is changed through the change of the position of the main exhaust hole, so that the variable adjustment of the expansion ratio is realized; and simultaneously, the external leakage of a working medium is alleviated through a leakage working medium backflow passage. The system is simple in structure and convenient to process.