36 results about "Lath" patented technology

Disclosed is a non-interlock assembled flooring system, comprising: a base sheet layer and a surface slat layer disposed on the base sheet layer, wherein the surface slat layer includes a plurality of wood floor slats arranged side-by-side in a widthwise direction, the wood floor slats are separated by a plurality of cut grooves serving as expansion joints, and the surface slat layer has a continuous wood-grain surface formed by upper surfaces of the wood floor slats.

The utility model discloses a steel wood combination big form plate mounting structure for structural joint, it includes reinforced net frame, cement bracing that even clamped on reinforced net frame, inner form plate, outer form plate, vertical back lath, horizontal back lath, plastic tube, threaded rod, steel pipe and steel pole. Advantageous effect: the utility model discloses a steel wood combination big form plate mounting structure for structural joint has stronger construction operability, and it is more swift to construct, and the effect that concrete forming quality is more easily guaranteed, and the effect that the joint is tight, and the flatness is good, and the overall strength is high, and the wall surface quality perception is better, and the construction efficiency is higher, and the construction is simple, and easy to master, and the turnover number is more, and the form plate material is saved, and the construction progress is opened, and the construction safety is guaranteed, and the construction cost is effectively reduced.

Thermally insulating and moisture and mold resistant subfloors include: a subfloor support structure that includes a subfloor framework comprising joists, beams, furring strips, and / or foam sheets, and optionally an intermediate underlayment comprising sheathing fastened to or applied over the subfloor framework, and lightweight composite underlayment panels fastened to the subfloor support structure. Lightweight composite panels include a foam core and fiber reinforced cementitious (or other protective) layers formed on the foam core surfaces. The subfloor support structure may include sheathing, wherein the lightweight composite panels are fastened to the sheathing to form the subfloor underlayment. In other cases, the subfloor support structure may omit sheathing, wherein the lightweight composite panels are fastened directly to the subfloor framework to form the subfloor underlayment. An optional ceiling structure of a lower floor can be formed by fastening lightweight composite ceiling panels under the subfloor framework of the subfloor.

Earthquake-resistant roofing system comprises one or more pitches (100) for roofing an upper exterior area (2) of a supporting structure (1), each extending in length parallel to a longitudinal direction (X-X) and in width parallel to a transverse direction (Y-Y) and comprising a layer of insulation (110), comprising one or more panels of insulation material and transverse battens (112) rigidly joined to the panels (111) for fastening to the supporting structure by means of first fasteners (113), an aeration layer (120), comprising of transverse laths (121) of aeration, each overlapping in a vertical direction and attached to one of said laths (112) of insulation, longitudinal laths (130) of anchorage, arranged orthogonally above the laths (121) of aeration at predetermined intervals in the transverse direction and attached to the transverse laths (121) of ventilation by fasteners (131). A roofing membrane (140) comprises a plurality of roofing elements (141) arranged in longitudinal rows and transverse columns above the anchor laths and defining an outer lateral perimeter of the pitch roofing membrane (100). At least all of the perimeter roofing elements (141) arranged along the (144,145) lateral perimeter of the pitch roofing membrane are anchored to an underlying anchor lath (130) by a respective fastener (142).

This invention discloses a method for producing easily formable ultra-high strength steel plates for engineering machinery, belonging to the field of metal material processing technology. This invention employs a medium-carbon + multi-element microalloying system, and through converter steelmaking + refining, continuous casting, billet heating, two-stage controlled rolling, and quenching + tempering heat treatment, produces ultra-high strength steel plates with a thickness of 5-20 mm. The resulting steel plate has a matrix structure of ultra-fine-grained lath martensite with an effective grain boundary size of 1.2-1.5 μm, a yield strength ≥1500 MPa, a tensile strength ≥1800 MPa, an elongation >10%, an impact energy >50 J at -40℃, and meets the requirements of D=6a and 180° bending without cracking. It possesses ultra-high strength, excellent low-temperature toughness, and cold formability, and can be directly used for forming key load-bearing structural components of engineering machinery. The process is simple and highly adaptable to industrial applications.

The invention discloses an axle laser cladding repairing method and structure based on gradient phase change regulation, and the method comprises the following steps: cladding an interface layer, a transition layer and a surface layer in sequence through a laser cladding method to form a gradient cladding structure; cladding the first mixed powder on the surface of the axle base body by adopting a low-heat input cladding process to form an interface layer; wherein high-Cr and Ni powder is adopted in the first mixed powder, and the first mixed powder is used for expanding the temperature interval of an austenite phase region; cladding the second mixed powder on the surface of the interface layer by adopting a slightly high heat input cladding process to form a transition layer; wherein the second mixed powder contains trace metal elements B and Mo; cladding the third mixed powder on the surface of the transition layer by adopting a rapid cooling cladding process to form a surface layer; wherein low-C and high-Si alloy powder is adopted as the third mixed powder, a lath martensite structure is formed, martensite phase change volume expansion is achieved, and surface pressure stress is introduced.

The invention provides a single-side formwork supporting system and a construction method of the single-side formwork supporting system, and relates to building construction. Wherein the single-side formwork supporting system comprises a first formwork, a second formwork, wood braces, double-row steel bar back ridges, double-row steel pipes and fasteners, and the first formwork and a wall of an existing building are arranged at a first interval; the second template and the first template are arranged at an interval of a second distance and define a pouring cavity; the wood brace is arranged on the side, away from the first formwork, of the second formwork; the multiple sets of double-row steel bar back ridges are arranged on the first formwork at intervals in the vertical direction and located on the side, away from the second formwork, of the first formwork. The multiple groups of double-row steel pipes are arranged on the square wood at intervals in the vertical direction and located on the side, away from the second formwork, of the square wood, and one group of double-row steel pipes and one group of double-row steel bar back ridges are arranged in the horizontal direction; and a fastener penetrates through and is fastened on the group of double-row steel pipes and the group of double-row steel bar back ridges which are positioned on the same level with the double-row steel pipes. Cavities between the new wall and the old wall are reduced, and the occupied indoor area is saved.

The utility model relates to a floor spandrel girder covered by a lengthened skeleton sauna plate, which comprises two groups of long skeletons formed by splicing two groups of horizontal long wood skeletons and two groups of horizontal short wood skeletons respectively, and vertical wood skeletons are fixed at two ends of the two groups of long skeletons in the length direction respectively; the two groups of long frameworks and the two groups of vertical wood frameworks are spliced to form a peripheral wood frame; wherein a splicing batten and a vertical tie bar are fixed at the splicing seam of the lengthened framework, a plurality of sauna battens are adhered to the side surface of the lengthened framework in the width direction through structural adhesive, and the sauna battens and the lengthened framework are further fixed through a plurality of U-shaped air nails. According to the sauna batten, the horizontal long wood frameworks, the horizontal short wood frameworks, the splicing battens and the vertical tie bars around the splicing seams are combined into a whole through the combined action of the U-shaped air nails and the structural adhesive, and therefore the bearing capacity reduction and rigidity reduction caused by the splicing seams to the floor bearing beam are made up.

The invention relates to a non-interlocking assembled flooring system comprising: a base sheet layer and a surface slat layer disposed on the base sheet layer, wherein the surface slat layer comprises a plurality of wooden floor slats arranged side by side in a widthwise direction, the wooden floor slats are separated by a plurality of cut grooves serving as expansion joints, and the surface slat layer has a continuous wood grain surface formed by the upper surfaces of the wooden floor slats. Figure to be published for the abstract: Figure 1

The utility model discloses a batten-cold-formed thin-walled structure, which belongs to the technical field of steel structure buildings, and comprises a structure node, a batten and a load-bearing component, and the structure node adopts a cylindrical welding node; the battens are arranged on the side faces of the structural nodes, corresponding conic curves are cut at the connecting ends of the battens, and it is guaranteed that the connecting ends are attached to the intersecting lines of the connecting surfaces of the structural nodes. The battens are connected with the structural joints in a welded mode. The bearing components are arranged between the battens, and the connecting positions of the adjacent bearing components on the two sides of the battens in the same plane layer correspond to each other. The bent frame structure is simple in structure and convenient to construct, the characteristic that a cold-formed thin-walled steel structure system is uniform in force transmission is utilized, the advantages of the cold-formed thin-walled steel structure and the bent frame structure are combined, and when any irregular polyhedron small monomer building is constructed, the construction quality of the structure system is improved, and component machining is simplified.

According to the hard alloy matrix based on the quenched and tempered wide plate and the machining method, stepped heating is adopted for quenching treatment, meanwhile, a uniform steam film can be formed on the surface of the wide steel plate through the inverse solubility of a PAG solution, and the conditions of high-temperature-area rapid cooling and low-temperature-area slow cooling in quenching of a steel material for a saw blade are met; and therefore, a metallographic structure mainly comprising fine lath martensite is obtained, and meanwhile, the thermal stress and the structural stress are greatly reduced. And meanwhile, the structure is fully converted into uniform and stable tempered sorbite by adopting segmented tempering, so that the optimal matching of strength and toughness is realized. In addition, after tempering is finished, a controllable uniform cooling mode is adopted for cooling to the room temperature, new internal stress is prevented from being generated in the slow cooling process, the uniformity of the performance of the wide plate can be remarkably improved, and good mechanical performance is ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of building formworks, in particular to a novel fair-faced building structure formwork which comprises four wood formworks, the four wood formworks form a reinforced concrete pile pouring space, the thickness of each wood formwork is 15 mm, external corner strips are arranged at the adjacent corners of the four wood formworks, stainless steel plates are installed on the inner sides of the wood formworks through countersunk bolts, and the stainless steel plates are connected with the external corner strips through bolts. According to the invention, a common wood formwork is adopted to cover a stainless steel plate to serve as a panel, the back ridges are replaced by galvanized steel pipe back ridges, and the galvanized steel pipe back ridges, the square pipe buckles, the connecting assemblies and the fixing assemblies are connected to form an integral structure; the problems of overlarge self weight, difficulty in form removal, deformation of back ridges, easiness in damage of formworks and the like are solved, the technical effects that the number of technical workers is reduced by 70%, the construction efficiency is improved by 40%, and the cost is saved by 50% are achieved, and compared with traditional steel forms and plastic-coated formworks, the technical effects can be achieved through practical engineering verification.

To enhance the design of a connection structure for a transom and batten by enabling a single transom and batten to be connectable to a plurality of transoms arranged side-by-side with a vertical center frame bone therebetween.SOLUTION: In a connection structure for a transom and batten 30, a transom and batten 30 is connected to a plurality of transoms 9 arranged side-by-side with a vertical center frame bone 8 sandwiched therebetween. The connection structure for the transom and batten 30 comprises: a connecting members 20 provided across the plurality of transoms 9 and attached to the plurality of transoms 9; and the transom and batten 30 held by the connecting members 20 and connected to the plurality of transoms 9 by the connecting members 20.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6

The utility model provides a kind of special-shaped corner shear wall construction formwork device, it includes several formwork components, opposite bolt, joint gap anti-overflow piece and corner connecting piece, the opposite bolt is used to connect the two groups of formwork components oppositely arranged;The joint gap anti-overflow piece is arranged on the opposite side of two groups of formwork components, to block the joint gap of adjacent formwork components on the same side;The corner connecting piece is arranged on the side of two groups of formwork components, to connect the steel pipe back lath in adjacent formwork components on the same side.The utility model can efficiently assemble and disassemble formwork device and guarantee the fastening effect of special-shaped corner formwork joint gap, improve construction efficiency and construction quality.

The invention belongs to the technical field of cutting bed accessories, and relates to a bristle brick cleaning structure for a cutting bed, which comprises a batten, a plurality of bristle bricks are arranged above the batten along the length direction of the batten, an air blowing channel penetrating along the length direction of the batten is arranged in the batten, a plurality of air blowing holes penetrating through the batten upwards are arranged above the air blowing channel, and the air blowing holes are communicated with the batten. The air blowing holes are communicated with the air blowing channel and face the bottom of the bristle block, the air blowing channel is connected with compressed air, and the compressed air passes through the air blowing channel and the air blowing holes and then blows the air holes of the bristle block so as to clean the bristle block. According to the bristle brick cleaning structure for the cutting bed, provided by the invention, the bristle brick can be simply and reliably cleaned without dismounting the bristle brick.

The claimed invention relates to all-weather mobile house structures made of environmentally friendly materials that can be transported to the installation site on heavy-duty wheeled platforms of vehicles and assembled at the installation site. The mobile house has a frame wall structure (1), a frame roof structure (3) and a frame floor structure (2) that form a single supporting structure. The single supporting structure is based on a metal frame structure of a wheeled chassis that has at least one pair of wheels. Each frame panel has a wooden frame that forms the end walls of the panel. Inside the wooden frame is placed compressed straw (24), which forms the inner and outer walls of the panel. The surface of the compressed straw (24) is processed by trimming. Plaster layers (27, 28) containing clay are applied to the surfaces that forming the inner and outer walls of the frame panels. Moisture-repellant layers (25, 30) are mounted through the lathing on the outside of the plaster (27, 28) layers of the external and internal walls of the frame panels of the wall structure (1), roof structure (3) and floor structure (2).

The present invention discloses a method for constructing a post-cast strip of a precast floor top plate of an extra-long building, which belongs to the technical field of civil construction formwork. The method solves the problem of how to conveniently and reliably seal both sides of the post-cast strip and improve the quality of the combination of the secondary cast post-cast strip and the single-cast floor slab concrete; an inflatable and deflable flat rubber air bag is used to replace the sealing wood glue board strip under the steel mesh in the plate, thereby realizing the sealing of the concrete on both sides of the post-cast strip; when the concrete on both sides of the post-cast strip is finally set, the flat rubber air bag is deflated to shrink and is easy to remove, thereby ensuring the reliable combination of the subsequent post-cast strip concrete and the single-cast concrete, and convenient on-site operation; the present invention kills three birds with one stone, namely, it realizes the sealing of narrow gaps, and also facilitates the overall removal of the later sealing objects. In addition, the flat air bag is also reusable.

To provide lath for exterior wall ventilation construction that is less susceptible to climate changes (mainly heat) compared to conventional hot melt and emulsion adhesives, is less likely to peel off even when subjected to trowel pressure when applying mortar, and is excellent in workability, quality, and economy.SOLUTION: A backing material 2 is bonded to a lath material 1 with a caulking agent 3. The caulking agent 3 is a silicone caulking agent, an acrylic caulking agent, an urethane caulking agent, a modified silicone caulking agent, or a polyurethane caulking agent.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

This invention relates to a heat treatment process for large-diameter 17-4PH thin-walled short rings with diameters of 800mm to 1300mm, wall thicknesses of 20mm to 40mm, and lengths ≤800mm. After forging, controlled-temperature cooling promotes partial microstructural transformation and prevents grain regeneration in the thin-walled short rings. Solution annealing ensures uniform and refined microstructure and grain size in the forged billet. After solution annealing, high-temperature tempering and slow, rate-limited cooling in the furnace to a certain temperature removes structural stress, diffuses hydrogen, and softens the billet hardness, facilitating subsequent rough machining. High-temperature solution cooling employs a combination of pre-cooling, oil cooling, and air cooling to minimize thermal and structural stress, preventing cracking of the thin-walled short rings and ensuring complete microstructural transformation to obtain fine lath martensite. During solution removal from the furnace, slow hoisting prevents deformation of the large-diameter 17-4PH thin-walled short rings due to their own weight. The produced large-diameter 17-4PH thin-walled short rings exhibit uniform overall quality, are free of cracks, and have low ellipticity after heat treatment.

The invention discloses a heat treatment process of a large-size 1Cr13 mandrel forge piece, which is suitable for the 1Cr13 forge piece with the outer circle diameter of less than or equal to phi 700mm, the temperature difference between the outer surface and the core part of the forge piece is reduced through a multi-step speed-limiting heating mode, and the phenomenon of forge piece cracking caused by overlarge thermal stress in the heating process is avoided. A reasonable quenching cooling mode is adopted, it is guaranteed that even and fine lath-shaped martensite is obtained after the step forge piece with the large cross section difference is quenched, and the risk that the step forge piece with the large cross section difference cracks due to the fact that quenching structure transformation stress is too large is avoided; through a rapid cooling mode, the temper brittleness of the 1Cr13 forge piece in the temperature range of 480-600 DEG C is effectively removed, and the failure phenomenon of intergranular fracture of the forge piece in the using process is avoided; and after tempering and discharging, the final temperature of the forge piece is controlled, so that the residual stress generated by rapid cooling is effectively removed, and the stability of the forge piece is improved.

The present disclosure relates to a controller-based machine tool system configured for machining a flat elongated workpiece. The controller-based machine tool system includes a tool assembly having a spindle for machining a customized design pattern in the flat elongated workpiece. A spindle motor is configured to provide rotational power to the spindle. A power assembly is configured to provide linear movement of the spindle and a spindle control unit is configured for controlling the power assembly. A controller is electrically connected to the spindle control unit, wherein the controller is configured to generate a customized design pattern for the flat elongated workpiece. An infeed station and an outfeed station are configured to linearly move the flat elongated workpiece.

The application discloses a column-interim shear wall reinforcing system and construction method for fabricated formwork, which comprises a horizontal reinforcing device and an oblique straightening device. The horizontal reinforcing device comprises a back lath assembly, a horizontal connecting assembly and a corner connecting assembly. The back lath assembly is provided with a plurality of connecting pieces and can rotate relative to the horizontal connecting assembly to extend or retract. The corner connecting assembly is connected with the connecting pieces on the back lath assembly at two ends. The oblique straightening device is located on the side of the wall body and connected with the connecting pieces on the back lath assembly. The oblique straightening device can form vertical support for the wall body by adjusting the length. The oblique straightening device has two different forms and can be flexibly adapted to the pouring of the shear wall under the conditions of the floor pouring and the floor not being poured. The scheme adopts the fast connecting reinforcing system of embracing columns, which can provide fast connection in the right angle and horizontal direction. Meanwhile, the oblique straightening device can utilize the lower poured wall body to form the form of the cable-stayed support, so that the deficiency of the column-interim shear wall limited by the floor pouring speed can be made up.

The utility model relates to a roof batten of an antique metal tile, which belongs to the field of antique metal tile installation and comprises a bottom frame, and an installation structure used for installing the antique metal tile is arranged on the upper surface of the bottom frame. The mounting structure comprises an inserting groove formed in the upper surface of the bottom frame, an inserting bolt inserted into the inner side of the inserting groove, a roof batten body fixedly connected to the top end of the inserting bolt and a placing contour formed in the upper surface of the roof batten body. Through rapid cooperation of the inserting grooves and the inserting bolts, constructors can rapidly complete installation of the roof battens, the construction period is greatly shortened, the construction cost is reduced, secondly, the size adaptability is enhanced through the device, the precise design of the placement contour can be compatible with antique metal tiles of various sizes, the installation problem caused by tile size differences is effectively solved, and the construction efficiency is improved. In addition, the supporting strength of the device is remarkably enhanced, and the roof batten body made of high-strength materials such as galvanized steel sheets provides firm support for metal tiles.

The present invention relates to the technical field of sliding bearings, and discloses a water-lubricated radial bearing based on a non-uniform thickness design of a tile surface layer, comprising: a component mechanism for reducing stress concentration, the component mechanism comprising a bearing housing, a rotating shaft, and a slat assembly, the slat assembly being arranged inside the bearing housing, the rotating shaft being arranged in the middle of the bearing housing, for jointly bearing and reducing the bearing load; a locking mechanism, which is arranged inside the bearing housing, for quickly connecting the slat assembly to the bearing housing, allowing for flexible combination according to different application requirements, and facilitating replacement and maintenance operations. By adopting a water-lubricated radial bearing with a non-uniform thickness design of a tile surface layer, the tile surface layer can be gradually thickened as the load increases, thereby increasing the contact area and reducing stress concentration. This design effectively solves the problems of local deformation, stress concentration, and severe wear that are prone to occur in traditional uniform thickness tile surface layers under eccentric loads.

The application relates to a heat treatment process for improving the grain size of Cr16Ni6 stainless steel, wherein the grain size is obviously improved to 4-6 levels after the heat treatment, and the product quality is improved; the process scheme is as follows: after forging, cooling treatment, one-time strengthening treatment, one-time tempering, two-time strengthening treatment and two-time tempering; the grain size is effectively improved; the forging organization is stabilized and part of the martensite organization is transformed through the after-forging cooling treatment, internal stress is reduced, and workpiece cracking is avoided; through the after-forging cooling treatment and the strengthening treatment, austenite is repeatedly transformed into fine lath martensite, nucleation is ensured in the subsequent high-temperature heating process, nucleation rate is increased, grain size is refined, and the grain size is improved from the original coarse 1-3 levels to the fine 4-6 levels.

The present invention discloses an adjustable die device applied to an arch masonry system, which relates to the field of construction technology. The present invention includes a horizontally arranged workbench; two pairs of vertically arranged adjustable support seats are connected in parallel to the lower surface of the workbench; a chute is opened on the lower surface of the workbench; a receiving hole is penetrated through the upper surface of the workbench; the receiving hole is arranged at one end of the chute; a resilient strip is slidably inserted into the receiving hole; one end of the resilient strip is rotatably connected to the upper surface of the workbench; one end of the resilient strip is arranged above the other end of the chute; a slider is rotatably connected to the other end of the resilient strip; the slider is slidably connected to the chute; an arc-shaped frame is vertically fixed to the upper surface of the workbench; the arc-shaped frame is arranged inside the resilient strip; a jacking assembly and a bearing assembly are installed on the arc-shaped frame. The present invention not only has a reasonable structural design and is convenient to use, but also does not require the production of templates, and has high market application value.

Thermally insulating and moisture and mold resistant subfloors include: a subfloor support structure that includes a subfloor framework comprising joists, beams, furring strips, and / or foam sheets, and optionally an intermediate underlayment comprising sheathing fastened to or applied over the subfloor framework, and lightweight composite underlayment panels fastened to the subfloor support structure. Lightweight composite panels include a foam core and fiber reinforced cementitious (or other protective) layers formed on the foam core surfaces. The subfloor support structure may include sheathing, wherein the lightweight composite panels are fastened to the sheathing to form the subfloor underlayment. In other cases, the subfloor support structure may omit sheathing, wherein the lightweight composite panels are fastened directly to the subfloor framework to form the subfloor underlayment. An optional ceiling structure of a lower floor can be formed by fastening lightweight composite ceiling panels under the subfloor framework of the subfloor.

A set of components for mounting an accessory on a surface of a building is disclosed. The set of components comprises a slat wall panel (1) and a panel fitting (10). The slat wall panel comprises a plurality of slats (3i, 3ii) which are arranged on the front surface of the support panel (2) and extend parallel to each other and spaced apart from each other. The panel fitting (10) comprises an accessory carrier (100) and an attachment body for insertion between slats and comprising at least a first body element (41) having a first engagement surface for lateral engagement with a first slat and a second body element (42) having a second engagement surface for lateral engagement with a second slat, the second body element has a second engagement surface for engaging with a second slat side. The panel fitting further includes a primary tensioning element (36) for varying the distance between the first engagement surface and the second engagement surface. Uses of a set of components are also disclosed.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of ground paving materials, and relates to an EB (Electron Beam) cured polypropylene film veneer composite floor, which comprises an improved three-layer solid wood composite floor base body layer, according to the improved three-layer solid wood composite floor base body layer, a base material bottom layer, a base material core layer and a base material surface layer are assembled into a sandwich type structure from bottom to top according to longitudinal, transverse and longitudinal wood grains in a staggered mode. The base material core layer is composed of a plurality of battens which are laterally spliced; a gluing layer is arranged between the surface decoration layer and the base material surface layer; and the surface decoration layer is an EB cured polypropylene film. The EB cured polypropylene film veneer composite floor disclosed by the utility model is a substitute product of a solid wood board, so that the consumption of wood can be effectively reduced, and the tension situation of shortage of forest resources is solved, so that natural resources are protected; compared with the existing composite floor and the prior art, the composite floor is more environment-friendly and relatively low in comprehensive cost.

The utility model discloses an exterior facade stone integrated pouring concrete formwork, which relates to the technical field of constructional engineering and comprises a formwork framework, a plurality of groups of horizontal steel ridges are arranged on one side of the formwork framework, adjacent horizontal steel ridges form accommodating grooves, and the accommodating grooves are used for accommodating stone plates; and an inclined strut is arranged on the other side of the template framework and is a telescopic rod body. The external facade stone and concrete wall integrated pouring formwork system is easy, convenient and rapid to construct, low in comprehensive manufacturing cost and capable of being recycled. The exterior facade stone and the concrete wall are integrally poured, so that synchronous construction of a building structure and the exterior facade stone can be realized, the stone does not need to be hung after the structure is completed, and the construction efficiency can be effectively improved; the stone only needs to be fixed through the L-shaped steel wires, the construction cost can be effectively reduced, and economic benefits are improved.