The invention discloses a smart skin driving device based on shape memory effect, and belongs to the field of aviation and spaceflight. The smart skin driving device comprises a base, insulation pulleys, insulation sliding blocks and SMA (shape memory alloy) wires, the number of the insulation pulleys is at least 2, and is even integer, the insulation pulleys are arranged on one side of the base at intervals, the number of the insulation sliding blocks is corresponding to the number of the insulation pulleys, the insulation sliding blocks are arranged on the base in parallel, each insulation sliding block is connected with two SMA wires, one ends of the SMA wires are fixed on the other side of the base, corresponding to the position of the insulation pulleys, wherein the other end of any SMA wire is directly connected with the insulation sliding block, and the other end of the other SMA wire passes by the insulation pulleys to be connected with the insulation sliding block. The driving device is simple and compact in structure, capable of dual-thread driving, and can provide a stable and reliable driving force for the smart skin structure, the shape memory alloy wire material as a drive element is simple in driving conditions, safe, fast in driving response, large in driving force, small in energy consumption, energy-saving and environmentally-friendly, and free of noise and pollution.