The invention discloses a close-range thin coal layer simultaneous mining and parallel transporting method, aiming to solve the problems caused by layer mining of the existing close-range thin coal layers, such as resource waste, serious flood, difficult mining distribution of lower layer coal, long mining period, low yield, high tunneling and supporting difficulties, high cost and the like. The method is characterized by arranging a centralized transport roadway, a centralized track roadway and a centralized air return roadway along the coal layers or top and bottom plates of the coal layers, simultaneously arranging two coal faces on the close-range thin coal layers and simultaneously mining and transporting coal. The method has the following beneficial effects: simultaneous mining and centralized transporting of the upper and lower coal layers are realized; relative to layer mining, by adopting the method, the tunneling quantities of the roadways are reduced, a belt conveyer can be simultaneously omitted, and the convenience is provided for centralized management of production; and especially for the close-range thin coal layers, the production system is simplified, the convenience is provided for centralized management, the production cost is lowered, and the mine output and the production efficiency are improved.