61 results about "Magnetic stabilization" patented technology

A system and method for determining a position of a remote object comprising inertial sensors and three axis magnetic sensor, together with a target sighting device aligned with the observation platform to determine a target line of sight and a target range finder to determine a distance to the target along the line of sight. A GPS receiver may be included for determining an observation platform position and orientation, The three axis magnetic sensor provides both magnetic north and vertical attitude information for improved rapid initialization and operation in motion. Magnetic anomaly information is detected by comparing IMU and magnetic navigation information and by other methods. Target identification may be determined by a human operator and / or by computer. The system may be integrated with a weapon system to use weapon system sights. The system may be networked to provide target location and / or location error information to another identical unit or a command information system.

A novel three-terminal SOT-MRAM memory cell with a unique magnetic stabilization layer or structure is proposed. A complementary magnetic footprint of the data storage layer for the memory cell is able to be created within the magnetic stabilization layer or structure by the magnetic field from the storage layer to enhance the magnetic and thermal stability of the memory cell. Several designs for both perpendicular and in-plane SOT-MRAM memory cell have been invented. With proper wire connection and sensing arrangement, the proposed memory cell is capable of forming not only the 2D array but also 3D array.

An anti-ferromagnetically coupled (“AFC”) magnetic recording medium with RKKY coupling between spaced-apart magnetic layers comprising a non-magnetic substrate having a surface, and a layer stack atop the substrate surface. The layer stack comprises, in overlying sequence from the substrate surface: a magnetic stabilization layer, a non-magnetic spacer layer, and a main magnetic recording layer the main magnetic recording layer comprises, in overlying sequence from the non-magnetic spacer layer: (i) a top interface layer, (ii) a Cr alloy magnetic layer, and (iii) a top magnetic layer.

This disclosure describes an electromagnetic system for efficient propulsion, suspension, and guidance. The track is inexpensive totally passive steel. This linear form of the D.C. motor provides traction motor characteristics without physical contact, The moveable element (vehicle) comprises both the integrated armature and field magnet flux source which induces magnetizing flux into pairs of rails each energizing a set of interdigitated poles of alternating polarity in the track against which its own armature conductors interact for thrust and braking. This source of magnetic flux requires no power and provides passive suspension at any speed and, with control, guidance. The permanent magnet and control flux in common airgaps multiply the effectiveness of lateral control for magnetic stabilization and to restrain external forces.

A device and a method for stabilizing an elongated metallic strip of a magnetic material when coating the strip with a metallic layer. The strip is transported from the bath in a direction of transport along a predetermined transport path. A wiping device for wiping off superfluous molten metal from the strip applies an air flow in a line across the strip, where the wiping device includes at least one pair of air-knives arranged with one air-knife on each side of the strip. An electromagnetic stabilizing device stabilizes the position of the strip with respect to the predetermined transport path. A sensor detects the position of the strip in relation to the predetermined transport path.

The invention relates to a magnetic solid acid catalyst which comprises magnetic aluminum oxide and transitional metal loaded on the magnetic aluminum oxide, wherein the weight proportion of the magnetic aluminum oxide and the transitional metal is 1.5-99:1 on the basis of transitional metal sulphate, and the transitional metal is one or more selected from IB, IIB, IVB and VIII groups; the magnetic aluminum oxide comprises Gamma-Al2O3 and magnetic particles embedded in the Gamma-Al2O3, and the weight proportion of the Gamma-Al2O3 and the magnetic particles is 1-9:1; the magnetic particles comprise SiO2 and magnetic kernels embedded in the SiO2, and the weight proportion of the SiO2 and the magnetic kernels is 0.1-1:1; the magnetic kernel is one or more selected from magnetic metals, magnetic alloys and magnetic metal oxides. The magnetic solid acid catalyst has the characteristics of large specific surface area, good magnetic property, stable physicochemical property, and the like, can be applied to processes of fluidized bed and magnetic stabilization bed and is specially suitable for integrating with a magnetic stabilization bed reactor for acid catalyzed reaction in the filed of oil processing.

The invention relates to a magnetic stabilization catalytic reforming device and a method. The device comprises a material medium mixing unit, a partial oxidation unit, a magnetizing unit, a heating electric resistance wire and a temperature preservation layer; the outermost layer is a coil; the middle layer of the reforming device is the temperature preservation layer; the inner layer of the reforming device is the heat electric resistance wire wrapped by insulation ceramics; a reforming medium and a to-be-reformed gas is introduced into a nozzle of the magnetic stabilization catalytic reforming device under normal pressure or band pressure at a high speed, and eddy current is formed behind a turbulent current device; gas enters the reforming device above; under the effect of a catalyst, a magnetic medium wrapping active substances form medium nets which are distributed uniformly and densely under the disturbance of a stable axial magnetic field; and the gas is in fully contact with a magnetic medium catalyst so as to react and generate gases such as H2, CO, CH4, CO2 as well as alkane. According to the invention, the magnetic medium replaces the catalyst prepared by a traditional carrier, the problem that the deactivation catalytic performance of the catalyst is lowered is solved through removing the oil tar and coke which are attached on the surface of the catalyst at high temperature, the service lives of the catalyst and the carrier are prolonged, and the catalytic performance is improved.

The invention discloses a reactor used for biological oxidation of refractory gold sulfide. The reactor comprises an upper end enclosure, a cylinder body, a cooling jacket, Helmholtz coils, a stirrer, a lower end enclosure, a gas distributor, a sieve plate and liquid recirculation pipes, wherein the sieve plate divides the cylinder body into a magnetic stabilization reaction region and a gas saturation region; the gas saturation region is provided with the stirrer with three-bladed propeller, an aeration pipe and the gas distributor; the upper end enclosure and the lower end enclosure are provided with the liquid recirculation pipes arranged outside the cylinder body; each liquid recirculation pipe is provided with a microbial liquid culture medium filler opening, a valve and a fluid pump; and the Helmholtz coils are one-dimensional Helmholtz coils are arranged outside the cooling jacket; and the axial direction magnetic field energy of the Helmholtz coils which can adjust intension has magnetic stabilization effect to mineral particles with magnetic sensitivity in the magnetic stabilization reaction region. The reactor used for biological oxidation of refractory gold sulfide has the advantages of capable of intensifying mass transferring and heat transferring, reducing energy consumption, optimizing microbial growing environment, improving mineral oxidation rate and realizing continuous operation.

The invention relates to a biological oil and a method to produce biologic oil by rapid cracking under mid-temperature through a biomass magnetic-stable fluid-bed reactor. The biological oil consists of (calculated by weight percent) C (more than 71.1 percent), H (more than 7.3 percent), O (16.6 percent) and N (0.1 percent); oil viscosity (more than 106mPa.s), pH value (bigger than 2.5), and water content (less than 20 percent). In terms of production method, biomass materials (straws, leaves, saw dust, organic wastes) are cracked rapidly in a magnetic-stable fluid-bed reactor under an intermediate temperature; gas-solid separation is conducted through a cyclone separator; the gas is condensed, and biological oil is achieved after simple hydrogenation of the condensed liquid and distillation, and the production rate is as high as 75 percent. The biological oil consists of rich chemical elements (phenol, aldehyde substance), and the economic value is relatively high. The technology adopts biomass as raw materials and such materials can be achieved easily; the price is low, the technical process is simple, the application and market prospect are promising; and the invention can settle environmental problems efficiently and increase the income of farmers. Therefore, the invention meets the requirements of sustainable development.

The invention relates to a hydration reaction method for low-carbon olefin. Water and a raw material of the low-carbon olefin are fed into a magnetic stabilized bed reactor and subjected to contact reaction with magnetic strong acid resin, the molar ratio of the water to the low-carbon olefin is between 1-20:1, the reaction temperature is between 70 and 140 DEG C, the reaction pressure is 0.5 to 10MPa, the liquid volume airspeed is 2 to 100 h<-1>, and the magnetic field intensity of the magnetic stabilized bed reactor is 10 to 1,500 oersteds. The method uses the magnetic strong acid resin to catalyze the olefin to carry out hydration reaction in the magnetic stabilized bed reactor, improves the effects of mass transfer and heat transfer of a reaction system greatly, and reduces energy consumption. In actual operation, the method can load and unload a catalyst at any time and carry out ex-situ regeneration without stopping running of the device.

An apparatus for the crystalline, mass and selective syntheses of diamonds and carbon nanotubes (CNT) includes a chamber having at least one source of carbon and possibly a source of metal on a substrate surface (atoms, clusters and / or nanoparticles); at least one resistance heating element; at least one exciting and heating laser at least one IR source; at least one magnetic field generator; and at least one pressure device. In operation, carbon and metal atoms are supplied to the heated reaction chamber for contacting with substrate supported catalyst, a heating laser beam and an IR source, and then for contacting with an intense magnetic field sufficient amount of interaction between the excited carbon and metal atoms IR, laser, thermal energy and the magnetic field so as to excite, create, catalyze and stabilize electronic spin transitions and high electronic spin states of the excited carbon and metal atoms (for the production of high spin triplett, quartet and pentet carbon atoms) under chemical vapor deposition conditions, leading to the activated and more efficient rehybridization of these high spin carbon atoms for the massive chemical condensation of diamonds and / or CNTs. The specific photons of the laser may stimulate the nucleation of specific helical and diametric CNTs. An even greater massive chemical condensation is driven by selective, periodic and rapidly heating the metal catalyst via the IR-heating source for more efficient localization of energy for electronic, chemical and transport dynamics of high spin carbon atoms through the catalyst for lower ambient temperature selective condensation of CNT. The external magnetic field also provides conditions for creating, stabilizing, reacting and confining these high spin carbon and metal atoms. The continual supply, rehybridization and population inversion of carbon atoms overtime provides conditions conducive the massive and selective diamond and / or CNT productions. By operating the device to physically catalyze and stabilize electronic fixation of high spin states of carbon atoms by intense static arid / or dynamic magnetic fields, the chemical contamination is eliminated or may be modulated for controlled doping during the formation of diamonds and / or CNT, respectively. By operating the device to electronically fix carbon using the catalyst and magnetic fields, the electronic rehybridization rate is enhanced over the rates of currently used older arts of chemical catalytic fixation due to the reinforcing external magnetic field under CVD conditions relative to the intrinsic field of the catalyst and spin interactions with carbon atoms in the absence of the external magnetic field. The external field stabilizes high spin states of carbon and metal atoms, and enhances the intrinsic spin effects of the transition metal for chemical catalytic fixation. Moreover, an intense static external magnetic field stabilizes high spin carbon intermediates leading to stimulated diamond formation. On the other hand an intense dynamic external magnetic field intensified intrinsic spin density waves of the catalyst for enhanced CNT formation. This monumental discovery of magnetically activated rehybridization and stabilization of excited carbon contributes a watershed in the industrial massive production of diamonds and CNT when this magnetic discovery is coupled to new heating methods using IR photons. Furthermore, the stronger magnetic stabilization in this art relative to the weaker inherent fields in the catalyst of the older chemical catalytic art allow lower temperature generation of diamond and CNT. This new art provides diamond-CNT composite materials for novel diamond-CNT interfaces, new doping during the synthesis of diamond. Also in this new art, the magnetic densification of high spin carbon atoms allows more low pressure synthesis of diamond relative to older art. By switching the magnetic field on and off, this new art allows the selection of diamond or carbon nanotube growth.

The invention provides a magnetic-particle in-situ separation device for a magnetic stabilization fluidized bed, which comprises a magnetic stabilization fluidized bed and is characterized by also comprising a permanent magnet in-situ separation system positioned inside the magnetic stabilization fluidized bed, wherein the in-situ separation system comprises an isolation cylinder provided with a sealing bottom, the center of the isolation cylinder is provided with a discharging hole, and the isolation cylinder is nested and fixed on an upper port of a sleeve; two coaxially arranged annular permanent magnets are placed in the isolation cylinder; the two annular permanent magnets are respectively fixed on the bottom ends of crank connecting links of two crank-link mechanisms through fixed shaft sleeves, the upper ends of the crank connecting links are connected with disks rotating around a shaft, and the two disks are driven synchronously and reversely by a motor to carry out up and down periodical reciprocating motion in a reverse direction; and a tapered reducing hopper is arranged under the isolation cylinder, an arc-shaped baffle plate is arranged at the undermost of the tapered reducing hopper, and the arc-shaped baffle plate is connected with a guide pipe at the tail end of the tapered reducing hopper through a connecting rod.

A method for manufacturing a current perpendicular to plane magnetoresistive sensor that allows for dynamic adjustment of free layer biasing to compensate for variations in thickness of an electrically insulating layer that separates the hard bias layers from the free layer. During fabrication of the sensor, the actual thickness of the insulation layers is measured. Then, to maintain a desired magnetic stabilization of the free layer one of three options can be utilized. Option one; adjust the stripe height target to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option two; adjust the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization. Option three; use a combination of option one and option two, adjusting both the stripe height target and the hard magnet thickness to maintain the desired magnetic stabilization.

The present invention relates to a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed device and the method of applying the same capable of being in high pressure (wherein, the high pressure refers to the pressure higher than 10 atmospheric pressure) environment, wherein the solid adsorbent needed by reverse chromatography consists of powder particles which can be magnetized and has adsorption selectivity, or the mixed powder of magnetisable powder and the powder with adsorption selectivity. After the powder particles are magnetized by the adscititious electric current, the supercritical fluid can be controlled in a specific velocity range, so as to make the powder form a stable fluidized bed in a high pressure pipe string. The present invention further reveals the magnetically stabilized fluidized bed device which is suitable for high pressure fluid and has switch function, so as to realize the separation and purification method of the present invention. The present invention further reveals the powder particle coating and catalytic reaction proceeding technique of the present invention device.

An electromagnetic rotary drive includes a ring-shaped magnetically effective core arranged around a stator and has a magnetic central plane. The stator is a bearing and a drive stator, with which, the rotor is contactlessly magnetically drivable about an axis of rotation, and with which the rotor is contactlessly magnetically levitatable with respect to the stator. The rotor actively magnetically levitated in a radial plane perpendicular to an axial direction, and passively magnetically stabilized in the axial direction and against tilting. The rotor includes a magnetically effective bearing ring arranged radially externally disposed and spaced from the magnetically effective core, and a bearing stator having a magnetically effective stator ring interacts with the bearing ring. The bearing stator is configured such that the stator ring passively magnetically stabilizes the rotor against tilting, and the bearing ring is connected to the magnetically effective core of the rotor via a connecting element.

The invention discloses a separating device and a separating method for a self streaming gas-solid magnetic field fluidized bed, and are suitable for dry separation of fine pea coal. The device consists of a fluidized bed body, an air chamber and a plurality of helmholtz coils, wherein the fluidized bed body is obliquely arranged; the air chamber is arranged on the lower part of the fluidized bed body; the whole fluidized bed is positioned in the plurality of the helmholtz coils; and the helmholtz coils are arranged at equal intervals. The method comprises that: a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed is formed by using a magnetic field generated by the helmholtz coils; separating media and the fine pea coal are fed from one end of the fluidized bed body; and the air enters from a bottom air distributor; the fine pea coal is divided into floating objects and sinking objects according to the density; and the floating objects and the sinking objects are discharged along the flowing of the media through a discharge port. The self streaming gas-solid magnetic field fluidized bed improves the fluidized characteristics of the fluidized bed, reduces the lower limit of the separation of the air-gas fluidized bed, improves the sharpness of separation, has compact structure, long service life and less investment, can separate coal of -6 mm with Ep value up to 0.07 g / cm , has excellent separation effect, and is particularly suitable for separation of coal in chilliness and arid regions and the coal easily argillaceous when encountering water.

The invention provides a self-cleaning offshore solar connecting device which comprises a solar mounting plate used for mounting a solar panel, a magnetic stabilization floating mechanism used for supporting the solar mounting plate and a telescopic scraping mechanism used for cleaning a connecting structure, and the solar mounting plate is arranged on the magnetic stabilization floating mechanism. The telescopic scraping mechanism is arranged on the magnetically stabilized floating mechanism. The invention relates to the field of solar photovoltaics. According to the self-cleaning offshore solar energy connecting device, a special supporting structure is designed according to the problems that an existing solar panel is prone to parasitism of substances such as seaweed after being installed, unstable and prone to damage due to parasites and the like, the dynamic stability of equipment can be kept, and attachments can be removed; therefore, the problems that when a common ocean solar panel is installed, a large number of seaweeds and parasitic organisms are prone to being wound on a bottom connecting piece, the upstream area is increased, large dragging force is prone to being borne when sea waves are generated, a connecting structure is prone to being damaged, and cleaning is inconvenient are effectively solved.

The invention discloses a magnetic stabilization type contactor. The magnetic stabilization type contactor is composed of an electromagnetic component, a load component and a shell component; the electromagnetic component comprises a moving iron core (18), a fixed iron core (17), a coil (11), a coil frame (10), a magnetic sheet (9) and a cover plate (19); the shell component includes an upper cover housing (7) and a base (13); the load component includes an upper contact sheet (30), a lower contact sheet (32), a middle contact bridge (21), a conductive sheet (20), jacking pillars (24) and over-travel springs (6); the magnetic sheet is provided with a protruding structure (35) which is connected with the cover plate; and an insulating paper holder (14) and a magnetic yoke (15) are mounted between the coil and the inner wall of the base. According to the magnetic stabilization type contactor of the invention, the coil is integrally wrapped with the insulating paper holder, the magnetic yoke and the coil frame; the magnetic sheet with the protruding structure is adopted, and therefore, magnetic leakage amount can be decreased during the operation process of the coil, the moving iron core and the fixed iron core, and magnetic loss can be small, and thus, an electromagnetic utilization rate can be improved, the product quality of the contactor is improved, and the service life of the contactor is prolonged.

The invention relates to an extraction device in magnetic mixing dispersion system adopting acidity hydrophobic ionic liquid with magnetic function as extractant. There is a reaction tank, of which the bottom middle part is concave. In the concave groove there is a vertical round Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet connected with the shaft of rotary motor. The outlet port for magnetic ionic liquid is set on the wall at one side of lower part of reaction tank. The inlet port for magnetic ionic liquid and inlet port for substance liquid are set on the wall at the other side. Magnetically stabilized bed coil is set on the outer side wall of upper part of reaction tank. Liquid inlet port of a ring dispersion device is docked with the port for substance liquid in the reaction tank. The magnetically stabilized bed coil controls mutual impact and condensation of magnetic ionic liquid pearls with dispersion phase. The extraction device realizes two operation states of one tower. Water solution in magnetic ionic liquid phase is in dispersion phase and ionic liquid in water solution phase is in dispersion phase. So entrainment phenomena are decreased. The device power is far lower than normal mixing device and energy consumption in extraction process is decreased.

The invention provides a method for extracting oil and fat from soybeans through enzymolysis by using a gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically-stabilized fluidized bed. Innovation lies in that protease is immobilized on a magnetic carrier, can be regularly distributed by using a magnetic field generated by the magnetically-stabilized fluidized bed and can be of magnetically-stabilized distribution, and then, the soybeans can be subjected to full enzymolysis by the protease so as to extract oil and fat. The method comprises the steps of crushing extruded soybeans, which serve as a raw material, mixing the crushed soybeans and water so as to form a mixture, preheating the mixture to a specified temperature, then, enabling the preheated mixture to enter the bottom of a gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically-stabilized fluidized-bed reactor, adding magnetic immobilized protease into a gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically-stabilized fluidized bed, enabling the mixture, formed by the soybean powder and the water, and the magnetic immobilized protease to be subjected to reaction and enzymolysis, extracting soybean oil through high-speed centrifugal separation after enzymolysis, inspecting the influence on oil and fat extraction rate caused by the protease dosage, reaction temperature, pH value and mixed material-liquid ratio of the magnetic immobilized protease in the magnetically-stabilized fluidized-bed reactor by taking oil and fat extraction rate as a reference index, and searching reaction parameters of the magnetically-stabilized fluidized-bed reactor.

The invention discloses a method for preparing cyclohexene by selectively hydrogenising benzene in a magnetic stabilization bed. The method comprises the following steps: filling a magnetic catalyst into a reaction tube; placing the reaction tube into a uniform magnetic field; utilizing a micro reactor device to control the reaction conditions and the magnetic field intensity; injecting a heated reaction fluid into the reaction tube, thereby forming a magnetic stable state; and preparing the cyclohexene by selectively hydrogenising benzene. According to the method provided by the invention, the high-pressure micro reaction is combined with the magnetic stabilization bed, so that the hydrogenising time is controlled and the continuous operation is realized; the magnetic stabilization bed is utilized to prepare the cyclohexene by selectively hydrogenising benzene, so that the benzene conversion rate can be increased and the selectivity and yield of the cyclohexene can be increased; and the magnetic field is utilized to separate and recover the catalyst, so that the production cost is lowered.

The invention provides a degumming method by virtue of a gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. By investigating operating parameters of the magnetic fluidized bed reactor, the determined optimum operating parameters of the gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically stabilized fluidized bed are as follows: the magnetic field strength is 0.0015-0.0025T, the liquid flow rate is 0.0020-0.0030m / s and the gas flow rate is 0.015-0.025m / s. According to the magnetic three-phase fluidized bed reactor, nanometer magnetic enzyme environmental temperature is 50-60 DEG C, the pH is 6.0-8.0 and the amount of a boric acid buffer is 0.8-1.2mL / 100g oil and the content of phosphorus and free fatty acid in oil is respectively 8.83mg / kg and 0.9783g / 100g. The continuous degumming is finally achieved in the gas-liquid-solid three-phase magnetically stabilized fluidized bed and a solid foundation is laid for the actual industrial production.

The invention firstly provides an embossment light variation anti-counterfeiting element, which is at least provided a magnetic light variation pigment layer and a dark background layer; a magnetic light variation pigment can be distributed in a three-dimensional hierarchical mode under the interaction of a magnetic positioning device and a variable electromagnetic field; the three-dimensional hierarchical distribution of the light variation pigment is achieved through different magnetic fields in order to achieve the embossment effect; rolling light variation characteristics of different shapes are achieved through a magnetic stabilization device; a final printed product has the embossment effect and the dynamic characteristic of rolling light variation, and the vision is easy to recognize; and furthermore, the dark background layer can be combined with two-line machine-readable anti-counterfeiting characteristics such as infrared, magnetism, fluorescence, hidden information and the like, and the embossment light variation anti-counterfeiting element which can meet the requirement of the public for easy recognition and can be compounded with multi-stage anti-counterfeiting elements difficult to forge is formed.

The invention relates to a gradient magnetic stabilization fluidized bed device used for harvesting microalgae, a magnetic nano media and microalgae types can be selected according to pre-experiment data and actual requirements, the use amount and concentration of the magnetic nano media are set according to the adsorption capacity of the magnetic nano media, and therefore the purpose of controlling the solid content in a bed body is achieved. The harvesting efficiency can reach 95% or above; and the unit volume treatment capacity reaches 1L / min / L or above and is far higher than the level reported in literatures. According to the invention, the problems of an existing microalgae magnetic separation technology in industrial application are solved, and large-scale semi-continuous harvestingof microalgae can be realized. The device is simple in structure, convenient to operate, high in microalgae harvesting efficiency, low in cost and easy to industrially amplify.

The invention relates to an etherification reaction method for isomeric olefine. Alcohol and a raw material of the isomeric olefine are fed into a magnetic stabilized bed reactor and subjected to contact reaction with magnetic strong acid resin, the molar ratio of the alcohol to the isomeric olefine is between 0.2-4:1, the reaction temperature is between 35 and 95 DEG C, the reaction pressure is 0.1 to 4MPa, the liquid volume airspeed is 1 to 100 h<-1>, and the magnetic field intensity of the magnetic stabilized bed reactor is 10 to 1,500 oersteds. The method uses the magnetic strong acid resin to catalyze the isomeric olefine to carry out etherification reaction in the magnetic stabilized bed reactor, improves the effects of mass transfer and heat transfer of a reaction system greatly, and reduces energy consumption. In actual operation, the method can load and unload a catalyst at any time and carry out ex-situ regeneration without stopping running of the device.

The invention provides a magnetic stabilization reaction device and method for preparing hexamethylenediamine by using the same. The magnetic stabilization reaction device comprises a first heating device and a second tubular reactor which are connected in sequence, at least two Helmholtz coils which are axially arranged are arranged outside the second tubular reactor; and a magnetically stabilized bed has the advantages of small axial mixed flow, easy separation of the catalyst and reduced bed pressure, can be well applied to a reaction for preparing hexamethylenediamine through direct hydrogenation of 6-aminocapronitrile, and improves reaction selectivity and reaction efficiency.