The invention relates to a coating, and provides an expanding type steel structure fireproof and anticorrosion coating which integrates an anticorrosion coating layer and a fireproof coating layer. The utility model also provides a preparation method of the expanding type steel structure fireproof and anticorrosion coating. The raw material components comprise montmorillonite, FeCI3.6H2O, pyrrole or aniline, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, surface treatment agent, dispersing agent, base resin, plasticizing agent, dehydrating and char-forming catalyst, char-forming agent, foaming agent pigment and filler, anticorrosion filler, flow agent and film forming additive. Waterborne silicone-acrylate resin and hydroxyl acrylic resin serve as the base resin to replace traditional oleoresin, thereby achieving zero VOC (volatile organic compound) discharge; a nanometer montmorillonite and conducting polymer composite material with an intercalated structure is utilized as conducting filler, so that the coating has excellent anticorrosion performance; and meanwhile, an ultrathin expanding type fireproof component is added, and the ratio of the compound components is collaboratively optimized, thereby solving the problems that the compatibility between the two layers is poor and the layers are easy to fall off, and reducing the cost.