A battery
management system and method for performing a battery health parameter observation, in particular,
cell impedance observation, with two redundant, independent and dissimilar lanes. Specifically, a
cell impedance observation in a first one of the lanes is based on Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy, EIS. The other lane employs a different
algorithm than EIS. In embodiments, a battery state observation is further performed independently by the two lanes, wherein again the first lane employs EIS and the other lane a different (dissimilar)
algorithm). On the basis of state and health observation, state (state of function) of the
battery system can be predicted to determine a range of flight in accordance with a predetermined flight profile.