The invention belongs to the field of agricultural detection equipment and detection technology and discloses a single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing method and a single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing device. The single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing device comprises a spectrum signal acquisition optical fiber, a spectrum acquisition controlling photoelectric sensor, a single grain sampling device, a near infrared spectrometer, an incidence optical fiber, a light source, a motor, a negative pressure pipeline, a positive pressure pipeline, a positive pressure fan and a computer. The single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing method comprises the following steps that: according to rapeseed quality indexes required to be tested, spectral information of a single grain rapeseed sample is acquired in an online manner, and physical/chemistry tests are performed on qualities to be tested of single grain rapeseeds, and a single grain rapeseed quality detection model of spectral information is constructed; in online detection, the spectral information of the single grain rapeseed sample to be tested is automatically acquired, and the single grain rapeseed quality detection model is utilized to perform real-time online nondestructive testing on the indexes to be tested of the sample to be tested. According to the single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing method and the single grain rapeseed quality near infrared spectrum on-line nondestructive testing device provided by the invention, through using the optical properties of rapeseeds, and based on the combination of a pneumatic-type automated single grain sampling method, automated online detection of single grain rapeseed qualities can be realized.