The present invention provides a three-way motion decoupling periodic structure used in a shaking table model box. The periodic structure is formed by stacking n periodic structural units sequentially. The coupling layer, the second confinement layer, and the elastic layer are stacked in sequence, and n≥2 is a positive integer, and the cross-sectional shapes of the first confinement layer, the elastic layer, the second confinement layer, and the plane decoupling layer are the same, The periodic structure is used to realize the decoupling of the three-way motion under the working condition of the earthquake; the present invention also provides a three-way motion decoupling model box for the shaking table test, which is composed of the periodic structure, the bottom plate of the model box, and the limit protection door type. The model box is light in weight and high in strength, and is suitable for supergravity and normal gravity shaking table tests, and multiple measures are taken to ensure the synchronization of the movement of the model box and the test soil, and the movement of the model box and the test soil in X, Y The movements in the three directions of , and Z do not interfere with each other, the model box does not generate additional force on the test soil, and the boundary effect is avoided as much as possible. It can well realize the decoupling of the three-way movement and restore the characteristics of the prototype site.