The invention provides a device for detecting the mass concentration of high-precision particulate matters. The device for detecting the mass concentration of the high-precision particulate matters comprises a laser emitting unit and a laser detecting unit, wherein the laser emitting unit comprises an optical lens; one surface of the optical lens is an optical axis axisymmetric aspheric surface which is used as an incident plane and is used for collimation, the other surface is a cylindrical surface, is used as an exit surface and is used for , and a laser light beam can be shaped into a linear light beam; on the one hand, the technical shortcomings that a focusing lens was adopted in the past, a laser light beam was focused into a spot light beam, energy distribution is uneven, and thus,measurement are inaccurate are overcome, measurement interference of particulate matters with different diameters is eliminated, and the particulate matters with different diameters are measured simultaneously; and on the other hand, the technical shortcomings that two optical lenses are used in the past, a certain distance existed between the lenses, and thus, a light path was debugged complicatedly are overcome, the structure is simplified, the light path debugging difficulty is reduced, and the manufacturing cost is saved; and an expensive air pump is not required, and the device is suitable for being popularized and used on a large scale.