166 results about "Particle method" patented technology

Methods and devices are provided for forming thin-films from solid group IIIA-based particles. In one embodiment, a method is provided for bandgap grading in a thin-film device using such particles. The method may be comprised of providing a bandgap grading material comprising of an alloy having: a) a IIIA material and b) a group IA-based material, wherein the alloy has a higher melting temperature than a melting temperature of the IIIA material in elemental form. A precursor material may be deposited on a substrate to form a precursor layer. The precursor material comprising group IB, IIIA, and / or VIA based particles. The bandgap grading material of the alloy may be deposited after depositing the precursor material. The alloy in the grading material may react after the precursor layer has begun to sinter and thus maintains a higher concentration of IIIA material in a portion of the compound film that forms above a portion that sinters first.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, the method comprises of transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be microflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense film formed from microflakes is particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices. In one embodiment, at least one set of the particles in the ink may be inter-metallic flake particles (microflake or nanoflake) containing at least one group IB-IIIA inter-metallic alloy phase.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, the method comprises of transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be microflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense film formed from microflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, a solar cell is provided that comprises of a substrate, a back electrode formed over the substrate, a p-type semiconductor thin film formed over the back electrode, an n-type semiconductor thin film formed so as to constitute a pn junction with the p-type semiconductor thin film, and a transparent electrode formed over the n-type semiconductor thin film. The p-type semiconductor thin film results by processing a dense film formed from a plurality of microflakes having a material composition containing at least one element from Groups IB, IIIA, and / or VIA, wherein the dense film has a void volume of about 26% or less. The dense film may be a substantially void free film.

Methods and devices are provided for transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after selective forces settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be nanoflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense films formed from nanoflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, the method comprises of transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be microflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense film formed from microflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, the method comprises of transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be microflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense film formed from microflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.

Methods and devices are provided for the trapping, including optical trapping; analysis; and selective manipulation of particles on an optical array. A multi-channel device parcels a light source into many points of light transmitted through an optical array of fibers or conduits, preferably where the individual points of light are individually controllable through a light controlling device. Optical properties of the particles may be determined by interrogation with light focused through the optical array. The particles may be manipulated by immobilizing or releasing specific particles, separating types of particles, etc.

Methods and devices are provided for transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after selective forces settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be nanoflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense films formed from nanoflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.

Methods and devices are provided for transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after selective forces settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be nanoflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense films formed from nanoflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices. In one embodiment, at least one set of the particles in the ink may be inter-metallic flake particles (microflake or nanoflake) containing at least one group IB-IIIA inter-metallic alloy phase.

Methods and devices are provided for transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after selective forces settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be nanoflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense films formed from nanoflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices. In one embodiment, at least one set of the particles in the ink may be inter-metallic flake particles (microflake or nanoflake) containing at least one group IB-IIIA inter-metallic alloy phase.

Methods and apparatus for reducing particle contamination on a reticle used in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography process. According to one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus that protects a surface of an object includes a plate that is positioned in proximity to the surface and protects at least a first portion of the surface. An opening is defined within the plate, and is such that a second portion of the surface is exposed through the opening. The apparatus also includes at least one magnetic component which creates a static magnetic field that is arranged to deflect charged particles away from the opening and the surface of the object.

Method and apparatus for the single particle detection of submicron structures such as biological molecules and viruses utilises an optical element (100) comprising an optically transparent substrate (1) partially coated with a thin film of metal (2) illuminated with an optical beam (4) incident on a non-metal coated region (3) of the surface of the optical element at a point adjacent or close to the metal coated region of the optical element such that the beam propagates above but close and substantially parallel to the metal surface defining a measurement zone from within which submicron particles (7) contained in a sample (6) placed in contact with the optical element scatter or emit light which can be detected in the far field by conventional photodetection systems. The apparatus can be configured in a flow cell or optical microscope configuration.

Method and apparatus are provided for transferring particles from an upper zone through an intermediate zone to a lower zone. The transfer of particles between the zones through valveless conduits is regulated by varying the pressure of the intermediate zone and the flow rate of gas passing through the valveless conduits. A body within the lower zone is in particle communication with a valveless conduit and obstructs the particle flow within the lower zone.

Methods and apparatus for moving and concentrating particles apply an alternating driving field and an alternating field that alters mobility of the particles. The driving field and mobility-varying field are correlated with one another. The methods and apparatus may be used to concentrate DNA or RNA in a medium, for example. Methods and apparatus for extracting particles from one medium into another involve applying an alternating driving field that causes net drift of the particles from the first medium into the second medium but no net drift of the particles in the second medium.

Methods and devices are provided for the trapping, including optical trapping; analysis; and selective manipulation of particles on an optical array. A device parcels a light source into many points of light transmitted through a microlens optical array and an Offner relay to an objective, where particles may be trapped. Preferably the individual points of light are individually controllable through a light controlling device. Optical properties of the particles may be determined by interrogation with light focused through the optical array. The particles may be manipulated by immobilizing or releasing specific particles, separating types of particles, etc.

Methods and devices are provided for high-throughput printing of semiconductor precursor layer from microflake particles. In one embodiment, the method comprises of transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be microflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense film formed from microflakes is particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices. In one embodiment, at least one set of the particles in the ink may be inter-metallic flake particles (microflake or nanoflake) containing at least one group IB-IIIA inter-metallic alloy phase.

Formulations comprising anionic agents such as nucleic acids within a lipid-containing particle methods of formulating a lipid-containing particle comprising an anionic agent such as a nucleic acid, methods for preparing a lipid-containing particle comprising an anionic agent such as a nucleic acid, methods for therapeutic delivery of an anionic agent to a patient in need thereof, where the anionic agent is formulated in a lipid-containing particle as described herein.

Method and apparatus for the manipulation and / or control of the position of particles by means of time-variable fields of force. The fields of force can be of dielectrophoresis (positive or negative), electrophoresis, electrohydrodynamic or electrowetting on dielectric, characterized by a set of stable points of equilibrium for the particles.

Methods and apparatus for moving and concentrating particles apply an alternating driving field and an alternating field that alters mobility of the particles. The driving field and mobility-varying field are correlated with one another. The methods and apparatus may be used to concentrate DNA or RNA in a medium, for example. Methods and apparatus for extracting particles from one medium into another involve applying an alternating driving field that causes net drift of the particles from the first medium into the second medium but no net drift of the particles in the second medium.

The invention discloses a topological optimization method based on a meshfree RKPM (reproducing kernel particle method) for a thermal structure of an anisotropic material. The method comprises a step of establishing a meshfree RKPM thermal stiffness matrix of the structure of the anisotropic material with a transformation matrix method, and the step comprises the following sub-steps: (1) solving dynamic influence domain radius of each calculation point according to coordinate information of input nodes and Gaussian points; (2) solving relative density of each RKPM node according to an RAMP (rational approximation of material properties) material interpolation model; (3) searching Gaussian points in a design domain, and establishing thermal conductivity tensor of each node according to the thermal conductivity of the anisotropic material, an orthotropic factor and a material direction angle; (4) taking a dot product of a thermal conductivity coefficient matrix and a geometric matrix of each node as an RKPM thermal stiffness matrix of the node; (5) forming the integral RKPM thermal stiffness matrix in the design domain. According to the method, topological optimization of the thermal structure of the anisotropic material is performed on the basis of the meshfree RKPM, the transformation matrix method and the RAMP material interpolation model, and the numerical stability is high.

Method and apparatus for the single particle detection of submicron structures such as biological molecules and viruses utilises an optical element (100) comprising an optically transparent substrate (1) partially coated with a thin film of me (2) illuminated with an optical beam (4) incident on a non-metal coated region (3) of the surface of the optical element at a point adjacent or close to the metal coated region of the optical element such that the beam propagates above but close and substantially parallel to the metal surface defining a measurement zone from within which submicron particles (7) contained in a sample (6) placed in contact with the optical element scatter or emit light which can be detected in the far field by conventional photodetection systems. The apparatus can be configured in a flow cell or optical microscope configuration.

The invention discloses a particle computer dynamic simulation method for a 3D garment, which realizes a fast and robust physical simulation effect through applying a hierarchical modeling and particle simulation method to a physical model of clothing and a human body. The method mainly comprises the steps of parameterized human body modeling, building a particle human model, building a hierarchical clothing model, and performing particle-based fast collision detection algorithm. The particle computer dynamic simulation method for the 3D garment provided by the invention improves on the basis of a position based simulation method, proposes to use a mesh reconstruction technology, standardizes the clothing mesh own form, and increases the robustness of a computing process; particles of different sizes and collision properties are used to realize a fast and robust discrete time point collision detection and processing method; a multi-level particle method is used, and a method of refining a surface and densely paving particles is introduced to prevent a phenomenon of passing through, thus a simulation effect of multi-layer clothing can be realized more truly; and a constraint solving method with priority is used, and the simulation effect can be realized by using fewer iterations.

The invention relates to the field of high-performance computer value simulation technology and discloses a particle model-oriented multi-layer direct-connecting cluster parallel computer system. The system comprises a plurality of nodes; the nodes are arranged into one-dimensional or multi-dimensional array of a layer or multiple layers in logic; communication connection can be directly carried out between the adjacent nodes on the same layer, thus realizing the high-speed data transmission between the adjacent nodes on the same layer and the communication connection between nodes on different layers through an exchanger. The invention simplifies the design of the high-performance computer system, increases the calculation rate of the high-performance computer system on the particle method and similar calculations, and avoids the conflict between the communication and the memory access, thus fully overlapping the calculation and the communication operation of the nodes, allowing the calculation to gradually advance towards the sequential time from the peripheral area corresponding to the nodes to the center and further effectively relieving the small-scaled load fluctuation.

Methods are provided for intercalating, exfoliating and / or dispersing clay particles with a cationic polymer for form clay nanoparticles. The resulting clay nanoparticles may be incorporated in various polymeric articles, such as a container, preform, closure, liner, sheet or film.

Methods and devices are provided for the trapping, including optical trapping; analysis; and selective manipulation of particles on an optical array. A device parcels a light source into many points of light transmitted through a microlens optical array and an Offner relay to an objective, where particles may be trapped. Preferably the individual points of light are individually controllable through a light controlling device. Optical properties of the particles may be determined by interrogation with light focused through the optical array. The particles may be manipulated by immobilizing or releasing specific particles, separating types of particles, etc.

Methods and devices are provided for transforming non-planar or planar precursor materials in an appropriate vehicle under the appropriate conditions to create dispersions of planar particles with stoichiometric ratios of elements equal to that of the feedstock or precursor materials, even after selective forces settling. In particular, planar particles disperse more easily, form much denser coatings (or form coatings with more interparticle contact area), and anneal into fused, dense films at a lower temperature and / or time than their counterparts made from spherical nanoparticles. These planar particles may be nanoflakes that have a high aspect ratio. The resulting dense films formed from nanoflakes are particularly useful in forming photovoltaic devices.