The invention discloses a polarization measurement system of a smoke particle Mueller matrix, which belongs to the field of polarization detection and comprises an emission system, a beam splitting and polarizing system, a polarizing system, a smoke particle simulation system, a beam splitting system, a polarization detection system and a computer data processing system. The emission system, the smoke particle simulation system, the beam splitting system and the polarization analysis system are sequentially arranged on a main light path in the light beam transmission direction, the beam splitting polarization system and the polarization system are arranged on the same impeller, when the impeller rotates to a first position, the beam splitting polarization system is switched to enter the main light path in the light beam transmission direction, and when the impeller rotates to a second position, the polarizing system is switched to enter a main light path in the light beam transmission direction. According to the invention, the operation of adjusting the polarization element for four times in the traditional smog medium Mueller matrix test is replaced by the operation of screwing the impeller into the system for one time, so that the measurement of sixteen groups of Mueller matrixes can be completed, the operation steps are reduced, the error is avoided, and the experiment accuracy is improved.