The invention discloses an inverter power transistor open-circuit fault real-time detection method in a motor driving system, which belongs to the technical field of online detection. The method comprises steps: a width of a sliding window is calculated, function values Pn and Fn of two isopotential point functions for three-phase current defined by the sliding window and residuals R<1>n and R<2>n are calculated in real time, if the residual R<1>n is not equal, fault happening is judged, and fault is classified into four types according to the criteria of the isopotential point functions; and according to comparison results between positive and negative values of the isopotential point functions and corresponding residual values and corresponding thresholds, specific fault positioning is realized. The method of the invention can be applied to open-circuit fault diagnosis for any single transistor and any dual transistor of the inverter in the motor driving system, and has the advantages of low cost, high detection precision, quick speed, high real-time performance, good robustness and strong anti-interference ability.