The invention discloses an E-mail receiving and sending method and system based on post quantum and identity identification, and belongs to the technical field of secret communication. In the system, a KGC receives the identity identification sent by a user, generates a private key and returns the private key to the user; a sender sends an identity identifier to the KGC to obtain a sender private key, signs and encrypts a mail plaintext, and sends a mail ciphertext to a sender mail server; a sender mail server receives the mail ciphertext and delivers the mail ciphertext to a receiver mail server; a receiver mail server receives and stores the mail ciphertext; and a receiver sends the identity identifier to the KGC and obtains the private key of the receiver, receives the mail ciphertext from the mail server of the receiver and carries out decryption and signature verification on the mail ciphertext. According to the invention, based on the password system of the identity label, the defects of a complex public key acquisition mode and multiple authentication certificates are avoided; and meanwhile, a post-quantum cryptographic algorithm is combined, so that quantum computing attacks can be effectively resisted, and post-quantum secure communication is realized.