The invention discloses a rotary cylinder piston compressor. The rotary cylinder piston compressor comprises a cylinder sleeve, an upper supporting plate and a valve cover, wherein the upper supporting plate and the valve cover are arranged at the two ends of the cylinder sleeve, a valve plate is arranged on the inner side of the valve cover, a cavity is defined by the valve plate, the cylinder sleeve and the upper supporting plate, a rotating component is arranged in the cavity, a rotating shaft bearing is arranged on the outer side of the valve cover, and a rotating shaft penetrates through the rotating shaft bearing to drive the rotating component to rotate; the rotating component comprises a piston connecting rod, the piston connecting rod is arranged on the air cylinder wall face in a rotary cylinder in a sleeving mode, needle bearings capable of rolling along the inner wall face of the cylinder sleeve are arranged at the two ends of the piston connecting rod, and the rotary cylinder is arranged on the rotating shaft in the sleeving mode; air cylinder end covers are symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the rotary cylinder and provided with air inlet and outlet ports. The rotary cylinder drives the piston connecting rod to rotate relative to the cylinder sleeve, and meanwhile the piston connecting rod reciprocates relative to the rotary cylinder, so that volumes of the two sides of the piston connecting rod in the rotary cylinder are changed, and air suction, compression and exhaust are achieved. According to the rotary cylinder piston compressor, quick-wear parts are reduced, the structure of the compressor is simplified, the overall stress of a piston is small, the operation is stable, and the reliability of the compressor is improved.