145 results about "Second order statistics" patented technology

An architecture for capture and generation, and a set of methods for characterization, prediction, and classification of traffic in packet networks are disclosed. The architecture consists of a device that stores packet timing information and processes the data so that characterization, prediction, and classification algorithms can perform operations in real-time. A methodology is disclosed for real-time traffic analysis, characterization, prediction, and classification in packet networks. The methodology is based on the simultaneous aggregation of packet arrival times at different times scales. The traffic is represented at the synchronous carrier level by the arrival or non-arrival of a packet. The invention does not require knowledge about the information source, nor needs to decode the information contents of the packets. Only the arrival timing information is required. The invention provides a characterization of the traffic on packet networks suitable for a real-time implementation. The methodology can be applied in real-time traffic classification by training a neural network from calculated second order statistics of the traffic of several known sources. Performance descriptors for the network can also be obtained by calculating the deviation of the traffic distribution from calculated models. Traffic prediction can also be done by training a neural network from a vector of the results of a given processing against a vector of results of the subsequent processing unit; noticing that the latter vector contains information at a larger time scale than the previous. The invention also provides a method of estimating an effective bandwidth measure in real time which can be used for connection admission control and dynamic routing in packet networks. The invention provides appropriate traffic descriptors that can be applied in more efficient traffic control on packet networks.

Feature extraction, coding and pooling, are important components on many contemporary object recognition paradigms. This method explores pooling techniques that encode the second-order statistics of local descriptors inside a region. To achieve this effect, it introduces multiplicative second-order analogues of average and max pooling that together with appropriate non-linearities that lead to exceptional performance on free-form region recognition, without any type of feature coding. Instead of coding, it was found that enriching local descriptors with additional image information leads to large performance gains, especially in conjunction with the proposed pooling methodology. Thus, second-order pooling over free-form regions produces results superior to those of the winning systems in the Pascal VOC 2011 semantic segmentation challenge, with models that are 20,000 times faster.

In an OFDM communication system, a mobile station provides a radio access network (RAN) a channel quality metric second order statistic, in one embodiment a signal to noise plus interference power ratio (SINR) second order statistic and in particular an SINR standard deviation and/or variance, along with a mean channel quality metric, that is, a mean SINR. By providing both a mean channel quality metric and a channel quality metric second order statistic, the communication system permits the RAN to create a more accurate fading profile of an associated air interface, and in particular a downlink of the air interface, thereby facilitating an improved scheduling decision over the prior art and assuring that a packet has a higher probability to go through a downlink channel without too many retransmissions.

An automatic closed loop power control system is described for simultaneously adjusting an output power and an extinction ratio P₁/P₀ of a laser diode in order to maintain a desired average output power and a desired extinction ratio. The bias current component of a laser diode drive current is adjusted to compensate for changes in the average output power caused by ambient characteristics such as temperature and aging. Simultaneously, a modulation current component of the laser diode drive current is adjusted to maintain an extinction ratio of the laser diode output signal. The bias current and modulation current adjustments are based on the second order statistics of an average output power of the laser diode and a variance in the power output of the laser diode.

In a wireless communications system, a base station employs a bit error rate (BER) based Reverse Outer Loop Power Control (ROLPC) technique. The ROLPC technique uses either instantaneous or weakly filtered values of the BER for comparison with a BER target value for adjusting a target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The BER target value is varied as a function of a second order statistic (e.g. variance, standard deviation) of the received SNR. In another embodiment, a symbol error count based ROLPC technique uses adaptive SER targets. In particular, a base station uses a 2^nd order statistic, e.g., standard deviation (variance), to identify, or act as a signature of, a particular cellular (wireless) communications environment. The base station monitors the standard deviation of the symbol error count of a received signal (transmitted from a mobile station). The target signal-to-noise ratio ((E_b/N₀)_T) of this received signal is adjusted as a function of the value of the standard deviation and the adjusted (E_b/N₀)_T target is used to provide power control.

The invention provides a digital beam forming and phase fitting method, and aims to provide a method capable of suppressing interference, improving the signal to interference and noise ratio and accurately controlling the phase of a beam forming signal. The method is implemented according to the technical scheme that a steering vector model obtains relative steering vectors by using online calibration, accurate absolute steering vectors are acquired by combining absolute phase responses, which are measured in a darkroom, of a reference array element, model parameters of the steering vector are fitted out by combining the existing absolute steering vectors, and an accurate spare steering vector of an antenna array in any direction is acquired; the second-order statistic of the array signal is iteratively calculated through an array signal statistic hardware calculation module, and sent to an array signal processing algorithm module together with an antenna array steering vector and a channel response to calculate an optimal beam weight; and finally, the array signal processing algorithm module imbeds the optimal beam weight into the digital beam forming module to perform real-time digital beam forming and phase fitting and process multi-channel array data and beam output in real time.

A method and system automatically determines the width (i.e., left and right edges) of a document when it is loaded for scanning or copying. When a document is staged, the scanner collects a predetermined number scanlines of the leadedge of the document. Both first order and second order statistics of the scanner and document are then calculated based on the scanned data. The auto-width detection process is adaptive to CCD sensor output variation, document variation, and scanner variation, thus making it robust against dust in the sensor path and random fluctuations of the scanner.

The present invention discloses a method and device for adaptive modulation and coding based on second order statistics of channel information in OFDM system, characterized in that, by means of variance of Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) an appropriate adaptation time window is selected dynamically to trace time-varying channel better; and in that a decision criterion of second order, namely selecting an appropriate modulation and coding schemes (MCS) according to average value of SNR and variance of SNR, is employed to obtain accurate mapping from SNR to MCS. The mapping enhances practicability of the adaptive modulation and coding, decreases probability of system outage, and thus results in better performance of bit error rate.

The invention discloses a frequency characteristic-based nondestructive detection method of stress waves of wood. The frequency characteristic-based nondestructive detection method comprises the following steps of: mounting piezoelectric type acceleration sensors around raw wood uniformly, knocking the No. 0 sensor by using a pulse hammer, and acquiring and storing output signals of the sensors by using a data acquisition card; carrying out K-point fast Fourier transform on the acquired signals and then solving an actual measurement frequency response function; establishing an observation matrix according to the actual measurement frequency response function and a frequency response function of healthy wood; carrying out blind source separation on the basis of second order statistic and establishing a frequency response function between a defect point and an observation point; and finally, judging whether the interior of the wood has defects as well as defect quantity and defect sizes according to a clustering result. The nondestructive detection method of the stress waves based on the frequency response function of the wood is not subject to interference from reflected wave and refracted wave signals and is more accurate in detection result, capable of automatically detecting information, such as whether the interior of the wood has defects as well as the defect sizes, and simple and convenient in detection process and strong in practicability.

Blind channel equalization methods, receivers and systems incorporating the same for use in a multiple-input, multiple-output, (MIMO) wireless communication system are described. Signal equalization is achieved by devising a characteristic system convolution matrix and algebraically operating on said convolution matrix by equalizing functions generated from second order statistics of the received signals. Such equalization is done with an aim to removing or suppressing inter-symbol interference elements from the received signals to enable satisfactory signal recovery. The described methods, systems and receivers, have the benefits of retaining the speed and processing power efficiency of equalization algorithms based on second order statistics while substantially insensitive to the accuracy of channel order estimates.

A system and method for coordinated spatial multiplexing using second order statistical information is provided. A method for controller operations includes receiving second order statistics from a plurality of communications devices, computing a beamforming vector for each communications device in the plurality of communications devices, selecting a subset of communications devices from the plurality of communications devices to receive transmissions, and transmitting transmissions to the subset of selected communications devices. The beamforming vector for a communications device is based on the second order statistics provided by the communications device, and the transmitting uses the computed beamforming vector for each selected communications device to transmit the transmissions to the selected communications device.

A method and apparatus to reduce background noise in speech signals in order to improve the quality and intelligibility of processed speech. In mobile communications environment, speech signals are degraded by additive random noise. A randomness of the noise, which is often described in terms of its first and second order statistics, make it difficult to remove much of the noise without introducing background artifacts. This is particularly true for lower signal to background noise ratios. The method and apparatus provides noise reduction without any knowledge of the signal to background noise ratio.

The invention discloses a channel ambiguity removing method in the MIMO signal blind detection process. The method is characterized by including the first step of dividing a channel matrix of an MIMO system into channels of Mt SIMO systems, the second step of intercepting received signals of each SIMO system, the third step of estimating the channels of each SIMO system through a subspace blind channel estimation algorithm based on second-order statistics according to the intercepted received signals, the fourth step of estimating the obtained channels and the received signals of each SIMO system and balancing out a training sequence of each transmitting antenna through a zero-forcing mode, and the fifth step of utilizing the training sequence obtained through balancing in a first frame and the intercepted signals to carry out channel estimation on subsequent data blocks, enabling the channels of the Mt SIMO systems to form the channel matrix of the MIMO system and obtaining the channel estimation value of the MIMO system. The channel ambiguity removing method has the advantages of being fewer in calculated quantity and low in complexity, eliminating sorting ambiguity, reducing normalization root-mean-square errors and the error rate of the system and improving the reliability of a non-cooperative communication system.

A novel technique and structure that maximizes the extraction of information from reference pulses for UWB-TR receivers is introduced. The scheme efficiently processes an incoming signal to suppress different types of UWB as well as non-UWB interference prior to signal detection. Such a method and system adds a feedback loop mechanism to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of reference pulses in a conventional TR receiver. Moreover, sampling the second order statistical function such as, for example, the autocorrelation function (ACF) of the received signal and matching it to the ACF samples of the original pulses for each transmitted bit provides a more robust UWB communications method and system in the presence of channel distortions.

A new modulation scheme in UWB communications is introduced. This modulation technique utilizes multiple orthogonal transmitted-reference pulses for UWB channelization. The proposed UWB receiver samples the second order statistical function at both zero and non-zero lags and matches the samples to stored second order statistical functions, thus sampling and matching the shape of second order statistical functions rather than just the shape of the received pulses.

The invention discloses a target direction-finding method based on an acoustic vector two-dimensional nested array, and is used for direction and pitching measurement of an underwater target. The method includes building a new acoustic vector two-dimensional nested array which is formed by two two-dimensional acoustic vector subarrays nested in geometric position, array elements of the subarray 1 are distributed in sparse grids, array elements of the subarray 2 are distributed in dense grids, two grids can be selected arbitrarily, that a matrix that associate the grids is an integer matrix is required only, the integer matrix can also be selected freely, then an autocorrelation matrix of signals output by the array are utilized to build a difference synthesis acoustic vector two-dimensional array, and finally a three-dimensional smooth DOA algorithm is utilized to obtain second-order statistics of received signals of the difference synthesis acoustic vector array.

The invention discloses a self-adaptive beam selection and transmission method in the relative MIMO system. In the method, according to the second order characteristics statistical of the signal channel in the relative MIMO system, a receiver determines to send beam set and feed backs it to an inchoation. At each moment of transmission, according to current signal channel characteristics, the receiver chooses some beams form the beam set as sending beam which is used at present, at the same time, determines the power and bit allocation of each beam, and feedbacks the result to a sender. According to the result feed backed by the receiver, the sender chooses the corresponding beam from the sending beam set, and carries out the corresponding power and bit allocation, and then sends out. In the method, self-adaptive transmission method which is based on the beam selection, beam power and bit allocation is used, and multiplexing signal correlation is removed, at the same time, the transmission performance of MIMO system is improved.

The invention relates to an industrial data classification method based on model migration. The method comprises: collecting source domain data and target domain data respectively; performing data enhancement on the source domain data; constructing a convolutional neural network with a residual structure; establishing a loss function to minimize the difference of cross-domain learning feature covariances, and minimizing domain displacement by aligning second-order statistics of distribution of source domain data and target domain data on a feature level; and training and predicting the model.According to the method, other similar data are used for learning to carry out feature migration under the conditions that the target data are few and the data are difficult to obtain, and then the target domains are classified, so that the method has a relatively high application value.

The embodiment of the invention is related to a processor comprising, for example, means for determining a predetermined number of frequency estimates, means for determining an average of the frequency estimates for obtaining an averaged frequency offset, means for unbiasing received samples and/or impulse response values using the averaged frequency offset, means for calculating Doppler frequency estimates using the unbiased received samples and/or impulse response values and means for calculating selected second order statistics of the Doppler frequency estimates over a predetermined period.

The invention discloses an arrival direction estimation method based on conjugation expansion. The method comprises the following steps of: firstly calculating and receiving a second order statistic between signals, obtaining a conjugation matrix of an oriented matrix by utilizing the property of a delay self-correlation function, then constructing a new pseudo snapshot matrix by utilizing delay sampling of an extensible vector, and finally estimating an arrival direction of a signal on the matrix by adopting a fourth-order cumulant method. By virtue of a signal arrival direction estimation method based on array extension, the number of estimated signal arrival directions is greatly increased and signal arrival direction estimation accuracy can be improved.

The invention discloses a pilot frequency optimization and allocation combined pre-coding method for multi-user multiple-input multiple-output. A base station averagely divides all pilot frequencies into two pilot frequency subgroups; the pilot frequency subgroups are allocated to two kinds of cells; DOAs of terminals are obtained; intra-cell pilot frequency allocation is carried out; the terminals send pilot frequency information to cell base stations to which the terminals belong; the cell base stations obtain the channel information of terminals containing pilot frequency pollutions through channel estimation; the channel information is obtained according to the time division duplexing channel reciprocity; through estimating the DOAs of the terminals, the DOAs of the terminals are searched; the channel information of the terminals containing the pilot frequency pollutions are recalculated according to the DOAs, thus obtaining optimized channel information of the terminals; G terminals with relatively good channel quality are selected as user group centers; the distances between other terminals and the user group centers are calculated; the rest terminals are allocated according to the distance values; the user group centers are updated; all users are iterated and grouped; and data are sent after calculating the second-order statistics of the channels of the user groups. According to the method provided by the invention, the channel design is optimized; and the system performance is promoted.

The present invention discloses an IpDFT(Interpolation Discrete Fourier Transform)-based frequency estimation method of a non-equilibrium electric power system. The problem of non-circular signal employed frequency estimation in a non-equilibrium condition is solved based on modeling of complex-valued signals deduced from a three-phase voltage through orthogonal [Alpha][Beta]transformation. The newest progress obtained through enhanced complex-valued second-order statistics is employed, and in a non-equilibrium condition, the complex-valued signals are second-order non-circular signals. In theinvention, interpolation Fourier transform is employed to estimate frequency of the signals, the non-circular signals are converted to sinusoidal signals through simple calculation, positive and negative frequency components are considered, and therefore, the estimation accuracy of the frequency is improved and the calculation is simple. Compared to traditional linear adaptive estimation, the method is more suitable for the non-equilibrium system, gives out unbiased frequency estimation, and is not sensitive to frequency change. The method is more stable and low in calculation complexity, andis improved in robustness anti-noise performance and estimation precision.

A method for broadcasting system information via a broadcast channel (BCH) in an OFDMA system is provided. The BCH comprises one or more two-dimensional resource blocks. A plurality of pilot tones and a plurality of data tones are positioned within each resource block. The system information is mapped onto the plurality of data tones. In one embodiment, the plurality of pilot tones are located in configurable positions such that pilot tones of the same resource blocks transmitted by different base stations in the OFDMA system are interlaced to reduce pilot-to-pilot collision. In another embodiment, data tones that are located in pilot positions of other adjacent cells are nullified to reduce data-to-pilot collision. In one novel aspect, the property of interlaced pilot patterns and tone nullification is leveraged to estimate interference second-order statistics, which facilitates receiver implementation and improves receiver performance.