32results about "Multiplier anode arrangements" patented technology

The invention discloses a photomultiplier of electrostatic focusing micro-channel plates. The photomultiplier comprises a photocathode, an electron multiplier, an anode, a focusing electrode, a power supply electrode and a supporting post for supporting the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode, the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode are arranged in a glass vacuum container, and a signal lead of the anode and the power supply electrode penetrate through the glass vacuum container to be connected with an external circuit. The photomultiplier is characterized in that the centers of the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode are coaxial, the electron multiplier comprises the two pairs of micro-channel plates arranged in parallel, and certain gaps are reserved between the micro-channel plates. Compared with the prior art, all stages of voltages of the micro-channel plates are independently adjusted, and high gains and good photoelectron spectra are achieved.

A mass spectrometer detector having a coupling capacitor including an anode that is placed at a high potential of say −4.9 kV. An annular electrode is placed outside the anode. A voltage of say −5 kV is applied to the annular electrode. This reduces the potential difference between the anode and the annular electrode, mitigating the electric field. A peripheral electrode is mounted on the outer fringe of a dielectric body and stably held at a potential of say −2.5 kV, for example, by voltage-dividing resistors.

A liquid scintillation counter 10 serving as an optical measurement apparatus includes: an HPD 24, a charge amplifier 26, a voltage amplifier 28, a comparator 30, a counter 32, a multi-channel analyzer 34, a display 38, and the like. The HPD 24 has a photocathode 24a and an APD 24b for outputting a signal that corresponds to the number of incident photons. The comparator 30 outputs a logic pulse signal, serving as a comparison result signal, only when the signal outputted from the HPD 24 and amplified by the charge amplifier 26 and voltage amplifier 28 is larger than a prescribed threshold value. This threshold value is set larger than an output signal that is outputted when a single photoelectron is emitted from the photocathode 24a and smaller than another output signal that is outputted when two or more photoelectrons are emitted.

The magnetic characteristics of a magnetoresistive device are improved by rendering magnetic debris non-magnetic during processing operations. Further improvement is realized by annealing the partially- or fully-formed device in the presence of a magnetic field in order to eliminate or stabilize magnetic micro-pinning sites or other magnetic abnormalities within the magnetoresistive stack for the device. Such improvement in magnetic characteristics decreases deviation in switching characteristics in arrays of such magnetoresistive devices such as those present in MRAMs.

The invention discloses a micro-channel photomultiplier with a composite waveguide anode for spatial optical communication, and belongs to the field of photoelectric technology. The prior art needs to use three optical antennas, thereby enabling the size and weight of an optical transmitter and receiver to be increased remarkably, enabling the structure to be complex, and enabling the installation and debugging difficulty to be great. The micro-channel photomultiplier consists of a window, a photoelectric cathode, a micro-channel plate, and an anode, wherein the micro-channel plate has a plurality of stages. Voltages in the same direction are applied among the photoelectric cathode, all stages of the micro-channel plate and the anode, and a light current is outputted through the anode. The micro-channel photomultiplier is characterized in that the anode consists of a transmitting-type anode, an anode micro-channel plate, and a position-sensitive anode; the transmitting-type anode and the position-sensitive anode are respectively located on the front and back surfaces of the anode micro-channel plate; an electron beam is focused between the last stage of the micro-channel plate and the transmitting-type anode; the transmitting-type anode outputs a laser communication signal light current; and the position-sensitive anode outputs a laser communication positioning light current. The micro-channel photomultiplier enables the precise tracking and communication to be integrated into one body, thereby reducing one optical antenna.

The invention discloses an automatic expansion focusing electrode for a photomultiplier tube and a photomultiplier tube, wherein the automatic expansion focusing electrode comprises an expansion support rod, a metal cloth, a fixing mechanism, a rotating shaft and a touch spring. The expansion support rod, the rotating shaft and the touch spring piece are one-to-one corresponded, and are arranged around the fixing mechanism; A plurality of expansion struts rotatably mounted along an edge of the fixing mechanism and about the rotational axis; The metal cloth is arranged around the central axis of the fixing mechanism in an initial state of wrinkle folding, and each expansion rod is fixedly connected with the wrinkle edge position of the metal cloth, so that the metal cloth can be unfolded with the movement of the expansion rod to enter an expanded state. The automatic expansion focusing pole of the invention can realize the expansion action of the automatic expansion focusing pole and realize the expansion of the radial dimension of the focusing pole.

Techniques are disclosed that can be used to interface a microchannel plate (MCP) with readout circuitry. The techniques can be employed, for instance, with MCP based devices used in a numerous sensing / detection applications, and are particularly suitable for applications where it is desirable to interface an MCP having a relatively large active area to a readout circuit having a relatively smaller active area. The interface effectively decouples anode geometry from ROIC geometry and may also be configured with flexible anode pad geometry, which allows for compensation of optical blur variations as well as a very high fill factor. The interface can be made using standard semiconductor materials and photolithography techniques, and can be configured with thermal expansion qualities that closely track or otherwise match that of the readout circuitry.

The invention provides matrix anodes manufactured by a high temperature co-fired multilayer ceramic technology and a method thereof. The structure is that a kovar sealing flange is arranged between a matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate and a tube shell. The kovar sealing flange is connected with the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate. The kovar sealing flange is connected with the tube shell. The surface, which is arranged in the internal part of a vacuum chamber, of the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate is composed of xXx metal contact arrays which are uniformly arranged so that anode input arrays are formed. The surface, which is arranged at the external part of the vacuum chamber, of the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate is composed of xXx lead-out pins which are uniformly arranged so that anode output arrays are formed. Advantages are that metal lines can be printed on each layer of the substrate, interconnected wiring is performed via vertically metalized through holes, the distance between the electrodes of the two sides of the substrate can be different through manufacturing, and the extremely small physical size of the metal electrodes and electrode insulation clearance can be realized so that the matrix anodes of higher density can be realized; and a semiconductor manufacturing technology is adopted, and consistency of the manufactured matrix anodes is better than that of the matrix anodes manufactured through the conventional technology so that non-uniformity of anode response can be improved and production efficiency can be enhanced.

The invention discloses an optimum design method for improving a light utilization ratio of photomultiplier photocathode. The method comprises the first step of selecting shape parameters of photomultiplier geometry; the second step of describing basic geometrical characteristic layers in a program; the third step of inputting material parameters of the basic geometrical characteristic layers; the fourth step of defining an interface between adjacent basic geometrical characteristic layers; the fifth step of generating a photon in a working medium at random, wherein the direction is random and a wavelength is sampled from a detection spectrum; the sixth step of simulating the physical process of the photon in the materials and judging whether the photon reaches a photocathode interface or not; the seventh step of working out the proportion that the photon reaches the photocathode and judging whether the second step is executed again or not to obtain a changing curve of the proportion that the photon reaches the photocathode along with the shape parameter values, selecting the optimum shape parameter according to the changing curve so that the light utilization ratio of the photocathode can be improved, and the purpose of improving the performance of the photomultiplier can be achieved. According to the optimum design method, the special optimization design is carried out according to the working environment and the detecting spectrum of the photomultiplier.

The invention provides a near-pasting type micro-channel plate type photomultiplier with a large opening area ratio. The near-pasting type micro-channel plate type photomultiplier comprises an input light window, a photoelectric cathode, a square tube shell, a micro-channel plate and a position-sensitive anode. The photoelectric cathode is located on the inner surface of the input light window, and the micro-channel plate is located between the photoelectric cathode and the position-sensitive anode; the square tube shell comprises a first ceramic ring, an input electrode, a second ceramic ring, a getter electrode, a third ceramic ring and an indium sealing layer which are sequentially stacked, and the square tube shell is connected with the input light window in a sealed mode through a sealing layer. The position-sensitive anode comprises a ceramic framework, an output electrode and anodes, the anodes are distributed in the ceramic framework in a matrix array, and the anodes are not communicated with one another and are independent of one another; each anode is of a conical structure, an electronic receiving end is a square surface, an output end is gradually transited from a conical shape to a cylindrical anode rod, and the micro-channel plate adopts a two-part type vertical superposition structure, so that the apertures of the two micro-channel plates are <-shaped, one end ofthe micro-channel plate is positioned and powered by an input electrode, and the other end of the micro-channel plate is positioned by an output electrode.

An insulating tube has one end and another end. An An avalanche photodiode (APD) is provided outside the one end of the insulating tube. The another end of the insulating tube is air-tightly connected to an outer flange through a stem inner wall. Capacitors electrically connected to the APD are provided in the insulating tube. The capacitors remove direct current components from signals that the APD generates when detecting electrons. By providing the capacitors in the insulating tube, response of output signals can be prevented from being impaired.

Techniques are disclosed that can be used to interface a microchannel plate (MCP) with readout circuitry. The techniques can be employed, for instance, with MCP based devices used in a numerous sensing / detection applications, and are particularly suitable for applications where it is desirable to interface an MCP having a relatively large active area to a readout circuit having a relatively smaller active area. The interface effectively decouples anode geometry from ROIC geometry and may also be configured with flexible anode pad geometry, which allows for compensation of optical blur variations as well as a very high fill factor. The interface can be made using standard semiconductor materials and photolithography techniques, and can be configured with thermal expansion qualities that closely track or otherwise match that of the readout circuitry.

A photomultiplier tube excellent in vibration resistance and having an anode with good pulse linearity characteristic. The photomultiplier tube has a mesh anode (A) composed of an anode frame (A11) and a mesh electrode (A12) supported and surrounded by the anode frame (A11). The central portion of one long side (A11B) of the anode frame (A11) serves as an electron converging part (F). The inner side of the anode frame (A11) swells toward the inner part of the anode (A), more from the middle of the long side (A11B) toward the corners of the anode frame (A11) along the long side (A11B), and therefore the thickness of the anode frame (A11) increases from the middle of the long side (A11) to the corners along the long side (A11B).

The invention discloses an optimum design method for improving a light utilization ratio of photomultiplier photocathode. The method comprises the first step of selecting shape parameters of photomultiplier geometry; the second step of describing basic geometrical characteristic layers in a program; the third step of inputting material parameters of the basic geometrical characteristic layers; the fourth step of defining an interface between adjacent basic geometrical characteristic layers; the fifth step of generating a photon in a working medium at random, wherein the direction is random and a wavelength is sampled from a detection spectrum; the sixth step of simulating the physical process of the photon in the materials and judging whether the photon reaches a photocathode interface or not; the seventh step of working out the proportion that the photon reaches the photocathode and judging whether the second step is executed again or not to obtain a changing curve of the proportion that the photon reaches the photocathode along with the shape parameter values, selecting the optimum shape parameter according to the changing curve so that the light utilization ratio of the photocathode can be improved, and the purpose of improving the performance of the photomultiplier can be achieved. According to the optimum design method, the special optimization design is carried out according to the working environment and the detecting spectrum of the photomultiplier.

A mass spectrometer detector having a coupling capacitor including an anode that is placed at a high potential of say −4.9 kV. An annular electrode is placed outside the anode. A voltage of say −5 kV is applied to the annular electrode. This reduces the potential difference between the anode and the annular electrode, mitigating the electric field. A peripheral electrode is mounted on the outer fringe of a dielectric body and stably held at a potential of say −2.5 kV, for example, by voltage-dividing resistors.

The invention provides a photoelectric detection anode and a multi-anode photomultiplier, and relates to the technical field of photoelectric detection. The photoelectric detection anode comprises a position detection layer and a time detection layer, the position detection layer comprises a metal plate, the metal plate comprises a plurality of areas, each area is provided with a metal needle, the metal needle of each area is connected with a first signal reading device, and the first signal reading device is connected with a second signal reading device. The position acquisition module is used for acquiring position information by acquiring charge quantity of signals; the time detection layer comprises at least one metal wire, the end part of the at least one metal wire is connected with a second signal reading device, and the second signal reading device is used for acquiring time information by collecting waveform data of the signals. According to the invention, the position information of the photomultiplier position detection layer and the time information of the time detection layer can be read independently at the same time.

The invention provides a close-fitting large opening area ratio microchannel plate photomultiplier tube, which comprises an input light window, a photocathode, a square tube shell, a microchannel plate and a position-sensitive anode. The photocathode is located on the inner surface of the input light window, and the microchannel plate is located between the photocathode and the position-sensitive anode; the square tube shell includes a first ceramic ring, an input electrode, a second ceramic ring, a getter electrode, a third The ceramic ring and the indium sealing layer, the square tube shell is sealed with the input light window through the sealing layer; the position-sensitive anode includes a ceramic skeleton, an output electrode and an anode, and a plurality of anodes are distributed in the ceramic skeleton in a matrix array, and the anodes are mutually Disconnected and independent of each other; each anode has a conical structure, the electron receiving end is a square surface, and the output end gradually transitions from a conical to a cylindrical anode rod. The aperture of the microchannel plate is in the shape of "く", one end is positioned and powered by the input electrode, and the other end is positioned by the output electrode.

The present invention adopts high-temperature co-firing multilayer ceramic technology to manufacture matrix anode and its method. The matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate and the tube shell are provided with a keratable sealing disc, which is connected to the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate. The sealing plate takes over the housing, the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate is located on the inner surface of the vacuum chamber, and is uniformly arranged in an array of metal contacts to form an anode input array, and the matrix anode multilayer ceramic substrate is located on the outer surface of the vacuum chamber to form a uniform array Arranged x×x lead-out needles form an anode output array. Advantages: Since metal lines can be printed on each layer of the substrate and interconnected through vertical metallized through holes, the spacing of electrodes on both sides of the substrate can be made different. High-density matrix anode; using semiconductor manufacturing technology, the matrix anode produced has better consistency than traditional technology, which can improve the inhomogeneity of the anode response and increase production efficiency.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photomultipliers, and discloses a photomultiplier special-shaped anode with a rapid rise time characteristic, and a photomultiplier. The photomultiplierspecial-shaped anode comprise a ceramic bottom plate and conical metal anodes, wherein the ceramic bottom plate is used as a support, grooves for inserting the conical metal anodes are formed in thesurface of the top of the ceramic bottom plate, the multiple grooves are periodically arranged, the conical metal anode is of a transition gradual change structure with a rectangular top surface and acircular bottom end and is inserted into the groove, the bottom of the conical metal anode extends out of the bottom surface of the ceramic bottom plate, a metal film coating is attached to the surface of the transition gradual change part of the conical metal anode, and the contact area of the ceramic bottom plate and the transition gradual change part of the conical metal anode is metalized andsealed. Due to the adoption of the photomultiplier special-shaped anode, the rising time performance of the photomultiplier can be improved, and the photomultiplier special-shaped anode has good anode uniformity.

The invention provides a photoelectric detection anode and a multi-anode photomultiplier, and relates to the technical field of photoelectric detection. The photoelectric detection anode comprises a position detection layer and a time detection layer, the position detection layer comprises a plurality of metal strips, the plurality of metal strips are arranged in parallel, and the end part of each metal strip in the plurality of metal strips is connected with a first signal reading device which is used for acquiring position information through acquired charges; the time detection layer comprises a plurality of metal wires which are arranged in parallel, and the end part of each metal wire in the plurality of metal wires is connected with a second signal reading device which is used for acquiring time information through the waveform of the acquired signal. According to the invention, the position information of the photomultiplier position detection layer and the time information of the time detection layer can be read independently at the same time.

A microchannel photomultiplier with a position-sensitive film grid and used for space optical communication belongs to the technical field of photoelectric vacuum devices. In the prior art, the acceleration electric fields are too large; the acceleration distances are too long; and position-sensitive anodes are susceptible to self-saturation. The microchannel photomultiplier of the invention comprises a window, a photoelectric cathode, microchannel plates and an anode. The microchannel plates have multiple stages. Voltages in the same direction are applied between the photoelectric cathode, the multiple stages of microchannel plates and the anode. A photocurrent is output from the anode, and an anode microchannel plate is located between the microchannel plate of the last stage and the anode. The microchannel photomultiplier is characterized in that the position-sensitive anode is arranged at the front surface of the anode microchannel plate; an insulating film is located between the position-sensitive anode and a front metal film of the anode microchannel plate; the position-sensitive anode and the insulating film are both reticular films; meshes are corresponding to microchannelsof the anode microchannel plate; a laser communication locating light photocurrent is output by the position-sensitive anode; and a laser communication light photocurrent is output by the anode.

A microchannel photomultiplier tube with composite waveguide anode for space optical communication belongs to the field of optoelectronic technology. The prior art requires the use of three optical antennas, which significantly increases the volume and weight of the optical transceiver, complicates the structure, and makes installation and adjustment very difficult. The components of the present invention include a window, a photocathode, a microchannel plate, and an anode. The microchannel plate has multiple levels, and a voltage with the same direction is applied between the photocathode, the microchannel plate of each level, and the anode, and the photocurrent is output by the anode; It is characterized in that the anode is composed of a transmissive anode, an anode microchannel plate, and a position-sensitive anode, the transmissive anode and the position-sensitive anode are respectively located on the front and back of the anode microchannel plate, and the electron beam focusing electrode is located on the last stage of the microchannel plate Between the transmissive anode and the transmissive anode, the laser communication signal photoelectric current is output from the transmissive anode, and the laser communication positioning photoelectric current is output from the position-sensitive anode. Combining fine tracking and communication into one reduces one optical antenna.

Disclosed is a photomultiplier of electrostatic focusing micro-channel plates. The photomultiplier comprises a photocathode, an electron multiplier, an anode, a focusing electrode, a power supply electrode and a support post supporting the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode; the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode are arranged in a glass vacuum container, and a signal lead of the anode and the power supply electrode penetrate through the glass vacuum container to be connected with an external circuit. The photomultiplier is characterized in that the focusing electrode, the electron multiplier and the anode are centrally coaxial; the electron multiplier consists of two pairs of micro-channel plates arranged in parallel and having a certain gap therebetween. Compared with the prior art, high gains and good single photoelectron spectra are realized by independently regulating the voltages of micro-channel plate assemblies at all levels.

Components of scientific analytical equipment, such as electron multipliers and modifications thereto, for extending the operational lifetime or otherwise improving performance by way of improved construction. A detector includes one or more electron emissive surfaces and one or more detector elements configured to define on one side an environment internal the detector and on the other side an environment external the detector. The one or more detector elements are configured to inhibit or prevent flow of a gas from the environment external the detector to the environment internal the detector. Such detectors may be used in a mass spectrometry instrument, for example.

An insulating tube has one end and another end. An avalanche photodiode (APD) is provided outside the one end of the insulating tube. The another end of the insulating tube is air-tightly connected to an outer flange through a stem inner wall. Capacitors electrically connected to the APD are provided in the insulating tube. The capacitors remove direct current components from signals that the APD generates when detecting electrons. By providing the capacitors in the insulating tube, response of output signals can be prevented from being impaired.

The invention discloses an automatic expansion focusing electrode for a photomultiplier tube and a photomultiplier tube, wherein the automatic expansion focusing electrode comprises an expansion support rod, a metal cloth, a fixing mechanism, a rotating shaft and a touch spring. The expansion support rod, the rotating shaft and the touch spring piece are one-to-one corresponded, and are arranged around the fixing mechanism; A plurality of expansion struts rotatably mounted along an edge of the fixing mechanism and about the rotational axis; The metal cloth is arranged around the central axis of the fixing mechanism in an initial state of wrinkle folding, and each expansion rod is fixedly connected with the wrinkle edge position of the metal cloth, so that the metal cloth can be unfolded with the movement of the expansion rod to enter an expanded state. The automatic expansion focusing pole of the invention can realize the expansion action of the automatic expansion focusing pole and realize the expansion of the radial dimension of the focusing pole.

A microchannel photomultiplier with a position-sensitive film grid and used for space optical communication belongs to the technical field of photoelectric vacuum devices. In the prior art, the acceleration electric fields are too large; the acceleration distances are too long; and position-sensitive anodes are susceptible to self-saturation. The microchannel photomultiplier of the invention comprises a window, a photoelectric cathode, microchannel plates and an anode. The microchannel plates have multiple stages. Voltages in the same direction are applied between the photoelectric cathode, the multiple stages of microchannel plates and the anode. A photocurrent is output from the anode, and an anode microchannel plate is located between the microchannel plate of the last stage and the anode. The microchannel photomultiplier is characterized in that the position-sensitive anode is arranged at the front surface of the anode microchannel plate; an insulating film is located between the position-sensitive anode and a front metal film of the anode microchannel plate; the position-sensitive anode and the insulating film are both reticular films; meshes are corresponding to microchannelsof the anode microchannel plate; a laser communication locating light photocurrent is output by the position-sensitive anode; and a laser communication light photocurrent is output by the anode.

The invention relates to a photoelectron multiplier with a fine structure realizing high multiplication efficiency. The photoelectron multiplier includes a peripheral device that maintains a vacuum inside, and in the peripheral device, a photoelectric surface that emits photoelectrons corresponding to incident light is arranged, and an electron multiplication unit that cascades and multiplies the photoelectrons emitted from the photoelectric surface is used to extract the photoelectron generated by the photoelectron multiplier. The anode for the secondary electrons generated by the electron multiplier. In particular, in the electron multiplier part, a groove part for cascade multiplication of photoelectrons from the photoelectric surface is formed, and on each surface of a pair of wall parts (311) defining the groove part, a secondary electron is formed on the surface. One or more protrusions (311a) on the emission surface.