In the prior art, a satellite optical communication terminal is calibrated in an on-orbit manner through a laser communication ground station. The position of the receiving optical axis can only be calibrated at night; the transmitting-receiving coaxiality of the terminal itself cannot be corrected; the terminal cannot be caught; the communication state is checked; The invention provides a satellite optical communication terminal in-orbit calibration and transceiving coaxiality correction device and method. The device comprises an external calibration transmitting branch, The system comprisesa calibration reflector, a coarse pointing mechanism, an optical antenna, a fine pointing mechanism, a beam splitter I, a beam splitter II, a beam splitter III, an advanced aiming mechanism I, a signal internal calibration transmitting branch, an advanced aiming mechanism II, a beacon internal calibration transmitting branch, a communication receiving branch, a communication detector, a capturingand receiving branch, a capturing and tracking detector, a communication transceiver and a terminal controller. The device and the method can meet the requirement of on-orbit self-calibration of the satellite laser communication terminal, and the coaxiality of the correction transmit-receive optical axis can reach the micro-radian magnitude.