The invention discloses a real-time acquisition and communication system of signal data. The system comprises a master node and a plurality of slave nodes in wireless communication with the master node, wherein the master node comprises a master node Bluetooth module and a master node LoRa module, each slave node comprises a slave node LoRa module and a slave node Bluetooth module, the master nodeBluetooth module issues an opening/closing instruction, and each slave node Bluetooth module receives the instruction, opens/closes the slave node LoRa module, and simultaneously writes to a LoRa channel; when the master node LoRa module and the slave node LoRa modules are in an opened state, the master node follows a master-slave node communication protocol and sends an instruction with an authentication code protocol format to the slave node LoRa modules, and the LoRa modules carry out corresponding processing. According to the scheme of the invention, the communication between acquisitiondevices does not need to be concerned, data can only be transferred according to the interface protocol standard during development, the convenience of use can be effectively improved, and the stability, controllability and flexibility of communication can be ensured.