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178 results about "Implant surgery" patented technology

Nerve stimulation electrode based on shape memory material and preparation method thereof

The invention relates to the technical field of medical instruments, in particular to a nerve stimulation electrode based on a shape memory material. The nerve stimulation electrode comprises a flexible packaging electrode body and a substrate crease layer arranged on the surface of the flexible packaging electrode body. The material of the substrate crease layer comprises a shape memory polymer and a nano ferromagnetic material; the substrate crease layer comprises a first bending part which is used for enabling the flexible packaging electrode body to be folded along the length direction of the flexible packaging electrode body. The nerve stimulation electrode can solve the problems that an existing nerve stimulation electrode is hard in appearance, large in overall mass, poor in flexibility and complex in implantation operation.
Owner:HARBIN INST OF TECH

Systems and methods for assisting and augmenting surgical procedures

Systems and methods for providing assistance to a surgeon during an implant surgery are disclosed. A method includes defining areas of interest in diagnostic data of a patient and defining a screw bone type based on the surgeon's input. Post defining the areas of interest, salient points are determined for the areas of interest. Successively, an XZ angle, an XY angle, and a position entry point for a screw are determined based on the salient points of the areas of interest. Successively, a maximum screw diameter and a length of the screw are determined based on the salient points. Thereafter, the screw is identified and suggested to the surgeon for usage during the implant surgery.
Owner:CARLSMED INC

Path selection method, device, medium and terminal for zygomatic and winged implant surgery

PendingCN119523659ASafe and Efficient ImplementationSimple and fast operationDental implantsGonial angleReoperative surgery
The invention provides a zygomatic and wing penetration implantation operation path selection method and device, a medium and a terminal, and the method comprises the steps: setting coordinate information of a plurality of operation path starting points and a target operation region according to the obtained whole head image information of a patient; according to the obtained coordinate information of the multiple preset anatomical points, angle ranges of the multiple preset anatomical points and the target operation area relative to the multiple operation path starting points are obtained through calculation; according to the obtained multiple preset anatomical points and the angle range of the target operation area relative to the multiple operation path starting points, the distances from the operation path to the multiple preset anatomical points are calculated; and according to the calculated distances from the operation path to the plurality of preset anatomical points, calculating to obtain an optimal operation path range and a recommended operation path range. The optimal operation path in the zygomatic and wing penetrating implanting operation process can be calculated, a doctor is assisted in safely and efficiently implementing the zygomatic bone penetrating implanting operation, and the blank of the current market is filled.
Owner:SHANGHAI NINTH PEOPLES HOSPITAL SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

Reamer device with integrated depth gauging

A method for preparing an intramedullary canal of a patient's bone during a surgical procedure to implant a surgical component. The method comprises identifying a starting point on a distal end of the bone, preparing the bone using a device comprising a cutting head with a plurality of helical cutting flutes and one or more features formed into at least one of the helical cutting flutes, and visually confirming the position of at least one indicating feature within the bone.
Owner:CONVENTUS ORTHOPAEDICS INC

Valve stent and prosthetic valve having the same

The application provides a valve support and an artificial valve with the same, and belongs to the technical field of heart valves. The valve support comprises a support body, a positioning ring and an elastic connecting wire. The positioning ring is arranged in a compressed state and is adapted to be sequentially and serially arranged along an axis with the support body. When the positioning ring is elastically deformed from the compressed state to an expanded state, the positioning ring can be coaxially sleeved on the support body through the traction of the elastic connecting wire. After the valve support is implanted, the positioning ring can be self-expanded to the expanded state through elastic deformation and can be coaxially sleeved on the support body according to the traction of the elastic connecting wire. Therefore, the positioning ring and the support body can be simultaneously positioned during the implantation operation. Due to the traction of the connecting wire, the support body can be self-positioned according to the positioning ring, thereby saving the separate positioning operation of the positioning ring and the support body and making the operation more convenient.
Owner:SHANGHAI HEALING MEDICAL DEVICES CO LTD +1

Systems and methods for assisting and augmenting surgical procedures

Systems and methods for providing assistance to a surgeon during an implant surgery are disclosed. A method includes defining areas of interest in diagnostic data of a patient and defining a screw bone type based on the surgeon's input. Post defining the areas of interest, salient points are determined for the areas of interest. Successively, an XZ angle, an XY angle, and a position entry point for a screw are determined based on the salient points of the areas of interest. Successively, a maximum screw diameter and a length of the screw are determined based on the salient points. Thereafter, the screw is identified and suggested to the surgeon for usage during the implant surgery.
Owner:CARLSMED INC

Condensing screw for implant procedure having double spiral structure

Disclosed herein is a “condensing screw for an implant procedure.” A “condensing screw for an implant procedure” of the present invention is provided with: a screw main body which is inserted into an implant planting hole formed by an pilot drilling process, enlarges the implant planting hole to a size large enough to insert an implant fixture, and forms osseodensification regions on the side surfaces and the inside of the implant planting hole; and a shank which extends upward from the screw main body, is coupled to a driving unit, and transmits the torque of the driving unit to the screw main body. The condensing screw can enlarge the implant planting hole and perform the osseodensification process simultaneously, and can be used for maxillary sinus augmentation.
Owner:HAENEAM CO LTD

Surgical method

There is provided a surgical instrument that simplifies surgery for implantation surgery for treating anal incontinence in women. The disclosed surgical instrument is intended to be inserted through an incision in the vagina and is used for dissecting tissue as well as positioning the implant. The instrument comprises a main part of the instrument, an elongated member with a flexible tip and can change conformation from a straight conformation to a loop conformation that can reach around a portion of the rectum.
Owner:FORSELL PETER

Systems and methods for physician designed surgical procedures

Systems and methods for providing assistance to a surgeon during an implant surgery are disclosed. A method includes defining areas of interest in diagnostic data of a patient and defining a screw bone type based on the surgeon's input. Post defining the areas of interest, salient points are determined for the areas of interest. Successively, an XZ angle, an XY angle, and a position entry point for a screw are determined based on the salient points of the areas of interest. Successively, a maximum screw diameter and a length of the screw are determined based on the salient points. Thereafter, the screw is identified and suggested to the surgeon for usage during the implant surgery.
Owner:CARLSMED INC

Interactive guidance of dental implant surgery

There is provided, an interactive graphical user interface (GUI), comprising: presenting within the GUI, a first overlay of a target virtual vector overlaid on an image(s) of an oral cavity of a subject captured by an image sensor during a dental session of the subject, wherein the target virtual vector denotes a target vector defining a target location and / or a target angle for drilling by a real-world bur of a real-world drill for insertion of a dental implant, monitoring a real-world location and / or angle of the real-world bur of the drill during manipulations by a user, and dynamically updating, within the GUI, a second overlay of a current virtual vector overlaid on the image(s) including the first overlay, the current virtual vector including a virtual location and / or virtual angle corresponding to a current value of the monitored real-world location and / or angle of the real-world bur of the drill.
Owner:MARS DENTAL AI LTD

Flexible electrode automatic implantation operation system

The invention provides a flexible electrode automatic implantation operation system, which belongs to the field of electrode implantation operation systems, and comprises an implantation robot, a flexible electrode fixing table, a photoelectric navigator, a first positioning mark, a second positioning mark, a third positioning mark, a craniocerebral supporting plate and an optical platform, the implantation robot can move to the side of the optical platform, and the flexible electrode fixing table is fixed on the optical platform; a first positioning mark is arranged on the craniocerebral supporting plate, a second positioning mark is arranged on an implantation head at the tail end of the implantation robot, and a third positioning mark is arranged on the flexible electrode fixing table and used for unifying the position and posture information of the implantation robot, the flexible electrode fixing table and the craniocerebral supporting plate to a photoelectric navigator coordinate system; and the photoelectric navigator automatically adjusts the flexible electrode and the brain to a working area of the implantation robot. Manual intervention is not needed, and the implantation operation efficiency is effectively improved.
Owner:INST OF AUTOMATION CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

Systems and methods for assisting and augmenting surgical procedures

Systems and methods for providing assistance to a surgeon during an implant surgery are disclosed. A method includes defining areas of interest in diagnostic data of a patient and defining a screw bone type based on the surgeon's input. Post defining the areas of interest, salient points are determined for the areas of interest. Successively, an XZ angle, an XY angle, and a position entry point for a screw are determined based on the salient points of the areas of interest. Successively, a maximum screw diameter and a length of the screw are determined based on the salient points. Thereafter, the screw is identified and suggested to the surgeon for usage during the implant surgery.
Owner:CARLSMED INC

Dental Implant Apparatus and Methods

PendingUS20250032226A1Dental implantsImpression capsSurgical operationGingival flap
A subgingival deep dental implant oral surgical retraction article comprises a polymeric foam sponge that is autoclavable at 250° F. and has a porosity not less than a porosity of polyurethane and is configured in size and shape for retracting a gingival flap at an incision site during a subgingival implant surgery.
Owner:QUEVENTIVE LLC

Flap retractor for artificial cochlea electrode implantation operation

The invention discloses a flap retracting device for an artificial cochlea electrode implantation operation. The flap retracting device comprises a pressing piece, a distraction assembly and a connecting assembly. The front end of the pressing piece and the front end of the opening assembly are movably connected through the connecting assembly so that the pressing piece and the opening assembly can rotate around the same rotating shaft, and then the included angle between the pressing piece and the opening assembly can be adjusted according to needs. The flap retractor further comprises a switch assembly, the switch assembly is used for controlling adjustment of an included angle between the pressing piece and the distraction assembly, when the switch assembly is in an open state, the included angle between the pressing piece and the distraction assembly can be adjusted, and when the switch assembly is in a closed state, the included angle between the pressing piece and the distraction assembly remains unchanged. According to the flap retractor, flaps around an incision are pulled open through the pressing part of the pressing part and the distraction fork-shaped part of the distraction assembly, the traction effect of the flap retractor is better than that of a drag hook, and therefore the surgical operation space and the surgical view can be enlarged.
Owner:PEKING UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL

Systems and methods for assisting and augmenting surgical procedures

Systems and methods for providing assistance to a surgeon during an implant surgery are disclosed. A method includes defining areas of interest in diagnostic data of a patient and defining a screw bone type based on the surgeon's input. Post defining the areas of interest, salient points are determined for the areas of interest. Successively, an XZ angle, an XY angle, and a position entry point for a screw are determined based on the salient points of the areas of interest. Successively, a maximum screw diameter and a length of the screw are determined based on the salient points. Thereafter, the screw is identified and suggested to the surgeon for usage during the implant surgery.
Owner:CARLSMED INC

Sheet electrode and implantation device

The utility model provides a sheet-shaped electrode and an implantation device, the sheet-shaped electrode comprises an electrode slice, the surface of the electrode slice is provided with an electrode contact, the electrode slice has flexibility, and the electrode slice can be curled and contracted into a cylindrical shape matched with a pushing catheter, or the electrode slice can be unfolded into a sheet shape outside the pushing catheter; and the electrode wire is connected to one end of the electrode plate, the electrode wire is electrically connected with the electrode contact, the electrode wire can be arranged in the pushing catheter or the withdrawing catheter in a penetrating manner, and the electrode wire is used for dragging the electrode plate, so that the electrode plate and the withdrawing catheter are matched with each other and are curled and contracted in the withdrawing catheter. Surgical operations such as laminectomy or laminotomy are not needed in the implanting operation process, the invasive property is small, trauma and operation risks are reduced, and the sheet-shaped electrode plates are not prone to displacement. In addition, the electrode plate can be withdrawn from the body along with the withdrawing catheter, and withdrawing and recycling of the electrode plate are achieved.
Owner:SHINEYARD MEDICAL DEVICE CO LTD

Electrode implantation surgical robot

The present invention discloses an electrode implantation surgical robot, comprising a control terminal and a first mechanical arm, a first end actuator, a second mechanical arm and a second end actuator connected to the control terminal; the end of the first mechanical arm is connected to the first end actuator, and the end of the second mechanical arm is connected to the second end actuator; the control terminal comprises: a positioning module for determining the target position and target depth required for electrode implantation; a first control module for moving the first end actuator to the target position driven by the first mechanical arm, drilling at the target position according to the target depth, and stopping drilling and triggering the second control module when the drilling end condition is met; a second control module for moving the second end actuator to the target position driven by the second mechanical arm, and implanting the electrode at the target position. The present invention realizes one-touch fully automatic operation and full-process aseptic operation of electrode implantation, and has high implantation accuracy.
Owner:SHANGHAI NEURO XESS TECH CO LTD

Bone foundation guide system and method

A bone foundation guide system has a bone foundation guide including a body that is contoured to reversibly affix to a bone segment of a dental implant surgical site, the body being further contoured accept and to guide the cutting of a portion of the bone segment from a dental implant surgical site and as well as to alternatively support a dental implant surgical guide; the dental implant surgical guide; and a bone foundation guide prosthesis as an alternative to the dental implant surgical guide. The bone foundation guide prosthesis combines with the body to accommodate the bone segment portion as placed through the body prior to the bone segment portion being removed from the dental implant site through the use of the body.
Owner:NAT DENTEX LLC

Isolator for tumor radiotherapy protection and application thereof

PendingCN120586174ASurgeryAbsorbable polymersSpinning
The invention relates to an isolator for tumor radiotherapy protection, the isolator comprises an absorbable polymer and an X-ray impermeable substance, and the X-ray impermeable substance is introduced into the isolator through physical blending with the absorbable polymer. Aiming at the technical problems of short isolation period, poor self-developing effect under CT, tedious manufacturing process, poor flexibility and the like of the absorbable PGA isolator in the prior art, the isolator provided by the invention can be self-developed under CT, the problem of inaccurate positioning of the existing PGA isolator is solved, the isolator is integrally manufactured by adopting a spinning process, and the production cost is reduced. The flexibility of the isolator is improved so as to be matched with an endoscopic implantation operation, and the manufacturing technological process is simplified. In addition, through function decoupling in the time dimension, the effective isolation period of the isolator is longer than 3 months, the degradation period is shorter than 12 months, and the characteristic enables the isolator to provide reliable protection in the key treatment period.
Owner:BEIJING TISSHUE MEDICAL DEVICES CO LTD

Split kirschner wire and kit for orthopedic surgical robot

The invention provides a split type kirschner wire and kit for an orthopedic surgery robot, and belongs to the technical field of kirschner wires. The split type kirschner wire comprises a front kirschner wire body used for puncturing bones and a rear kirschner wire body used for being connected with an end effector of the orthopedic surgery robot; the front kirschner wire body is detachably connected with the rear kirschner wire body. Compared with Kirschner wire bending operation in the prior art, after the split type Kirschner wire is driven into the human body, the front Kirschner wire body with the proper length can be obtained more conveniently and safely, the problem of positioning displacement or loss caused by excessive pulling of the Kirschner wire is solved, and the Kirschner wire is more convenient to use. After the front kirschner wire body is detached and separated, due to the fact that the connecting end of the front kirschner wire body is smooth and clean, follow-up balloon dilatation kyphoplasty or pedicle screw implanting operation is facilitated, operation risks are reduced, and related operation operations can be carried out more safely, more reliably and more conveniently.
Owner:NANJING ZHUOZHI MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Split kirschner wire and kit for orthopedic surgical robot

The utility model provides a split type kirschner wire and a kit for an orthopedic surgery robot, and belongs to the technical field of kirschner wires, the split type kirschner wire comprises a front kirschner wire body used for puncturing bones and a rear kirschner wire body used for being connected with an end effector of the orthopedic surgery robot, the front kirschner wire body is detachably connected with the rear kirschner wire body. Compared with Kirschner wire bending operation in the prior art, after the split type Kirschner wire is driven into the human body, the front Kirschner wire body with the proper length can be obtained more conveniently and safely, the problem of positioning displacement or loss caused by excessive pulling of the Kirschner wire is solved, and the Kirschner wire is more convenient to use. After the front kirschner wire body is detached and separated, due to the fact that the connecting end of the front kirschner wire body is smooth and clean, follow-up balloon dilatation kyphoplasty or pedicle screw implanting operation is facilitated, operation risks are reduced, and related operation operations can be carried out more safely, more reliably and more conveniently.
Owner:NANJING ZHUOZHI MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

An insertion device for core-fixed implants for eye diseases

An insertion device for an ocular implant for regulating intraocular pressure includes a cannula having an internal space for receiving at least a portion of an ocular implant having a stent and an implant opening for inserting the ocular implant; a handle configured to be connected to the cannula and held by a surgeon; and a holder configured to be coupled to the handle and including a receiving portion configured to receive the stent of the ocular implant. The ocular implant insertion device appropriately fixes the stent inserted into the tube of the ocular implant in a manner attached to the insertion device, thereby preventing problems such as the stent coming out of the tube, the implant being separated from the insertion device by the stent, or the stent obscuring the surgeon's field of vision during implant implantation surgery.
Owner:MICROT INC

A flexible electrode automatic implantation surgical system

The present invention provides a flexible electrode automatic implantation surgical system, belonging to the field of electrode implantation surgical systems, comprising an implantation robot, a flexible electrode fixing platform, an optoelectronic navigator, a first positioning marker, a second positioning marker, a third positioning marker, a cranial support plate, and an optical platform; the implantation robot can be moved to the side of the optical platform, and the flexible electrode fixing platform is fixed on the optical platform; a first positioning marker is arranged on the cranial support plate, a second positioning marker is arranged on the implantation head at the end of the implantation robot, and a third positioning marker is arranged on the flexible electrode fixing platform, for unifying the position and posture information of the implantation robot, the flexible electrode fixing platform, and the cranial support plate into the optoelectronic navigator coordinate system; the optoelectronic navigator automatically adjusts the flexible electrode and cranial support plate to the working area of ​​the implantation robot. The present invention does not require human intervention and effectively improves the efficiency of implantation surgery.
Owner:INST OF AUTOMATION CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

Orthodontic anchorage nail implantation navigation system and method based on mixed reality technology

The present invention discloses an orthodontic anchorage pin implantation navigation system and method based on mixed reality technology, which relates to the field of orthodontic surgical navigation technology, including collecting patient orthodontic anchorage pin implantation surgical data, and performing spatial registration based on a deep learning feature matching algorithm to generate a patient-specific three-dimensional anatomical model; generating anchorage pin implantation point coordinates and an angle planning scheme based on the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomical model, and synchronously setting a safety boundary threshold to adjust the implantation point and angle parameters; loading the patient-specific three-dimensional anatomical model and the final planned implantation point coordinates into customized MR glasses, and using an occlusion elimination algorithm to superimpose virtual navigation markers on a real surgical field to generate a three-dimensional postoperative simulation report. The present invention achieves high precision and high reliability of the implantation anatomical basis, can effectively improve the controllability and safety of surgical operations, and improve the accuracy, efficiency and treatment effect of orthodontic anchorage pin implantation.
Owner:TIANJIN DENTAL HOSPITAL

Pressing push type built-in pigment marking pen

The invention discloses a pressing push type built-in pigment marking pen, belongs to the technical field of medical marking tools, and is suitable for accurate cornea marking before ophthalmology astigmatism intraocular lens implantation operation. The pen comprises a pen cap, a pen holder, a storage tube, a locking plate assembly, a reset spring, a fine needle, a pen point and an annular sealing ring. The pen cap can axially move along the pen holder, an axial guide rib and a conical extrusion surface are arranged on the inner wall of the pen holder, the material storage tube is sealed and filled with biocompatible pigment, the locking plate assembly comprises three elastic clamping pieces, and the reset spring is pre-compressed and sleeved outside the fine needle. The pen cap is pressed to push the fine needle to overcome spring force to move, the locking plate assembly is opened under the action of the extrusion face to allow the fine needle to extend out, the clamping piece resets and locks the fine needle after loosening, and a slightly-sharp structure at the front end of the fine needle pierces the cornea tear film and adheres pigment to complete marking. The marking pen is accurate and stable in marking and convenient to operate, pollution is completely eradicated through the sealing design and the disposable property, and medical safety is guaranteed.
Owner:赵瑞华

Multi-stage microporous titanium alloy loaded with nano copper selenide antibacterial peptide and preparation method of multi-stage microporous titanium alloy

The invention discloses a preparation method of a nano copper selenide antibacterial peptide-loaded multistage microporous titanium alloy. The preparation method comprises the following steps: 1, preparing a substrate; 2, surface modification; and 3, carrying out functionalization treatment to obtain the multistage microporous titanium alloy loaded with the nano copper selenide antibacterial peptide. The invention further provides the multistage microporous titanium alloy loaded with the nano copper selenide antibacterial peptide. The load design and photo-thermal synergistic mechanism of the nano copper selenide antibacterial peptide-loaded multistage microporous titanium alloy can effectively inhibit bacterial breeding and greatly reduce the infection risk of implantation operations, and on the aspect of promoting osseointegration, the multi-scale structure and ion slow release design can accelerate bone tissue growth and material fusion and reduce long-term complications, so that the titanium alloy can be used as a medical material for treating osteoporosis. The bone repair microenvironment is optimized, a new thought, good stability and safety are developed for complex disease treatment, long-term stable effect in vivo is guaranteed, strict standards are met, a solid foundation is laid for large-scale clinical application, and the bone implantation medical field is expected to be innovated.
Owner:NORTHWEST INSTITUTE FOR NONFERROUS METAL RESEARCH

A surgical robotic system for executing a bone implant surgical plan

A surgical robotic system for executing a bone implant surgical plan—includes a surgical robot. The surgical robot includes a first robotic arm for manipulating a surgical tool during a surgical procedure at a surgical site. A control unit of the surgical robotic system includes a processor programmed to direct the surgical robot to position the surgical tool. The processor program includes instructions for executing an act of defining the location of the surgical tool with respect to the surgical site. The processor program also includes instructions for executing further acts of moving the surgical tool to a bone located within the surgical site, the location of which being predefined within the surgical plan, and of marking the bone with the surgical tool, the marking corresponding to the position of a bone implant to be implanted in the bone according to the surgical plan.
Owner:ECENTIAL ROBOTICS

Artificial ceramic implant for premolar

The utility model relates to the technical field of tooth implantation, in particular to an artificial ceramic implant for a premolar, which comprises an implant root implanted into a gum and an abutment connected with a dental crown, the implant root part comprises a smooth column head part, a threaded part and an implant neck part which are sequentially adjacent to one another from bottom to top; wherein the bottom end of the smooth column head is hemispherical; the upper surface of the neck part of the implant neck part is quadrilateral, the lower surface of the neck part is circular, and the side wall of the neck part is arc-shaped; and the base station is arranged on the upper surface of the neck part. The structure is implanted in a knock-in mode, the implanting operation time is short, the operation difficulty is low, postoperative recovery is fast, and the problems of intraoperative bleeding and postoperative swelling can be solved.
Owner:SHANGHAI HUCI TIMES DENTAL TECHNOLOGY CO LTD

Position adjusting instrument for intraocular lens implantation operation of lens eye

The utility model provides a position adjusting instrument for an intraocular lens implantation operation of a lens eye, and relates to the field of ophthalmology medical instruments, the position adjusting instrument comprises a handle and a position adjusting hook acting piece; the position adjusting hook acting piece comprises a straight rod connected to the front end of the handle, a transition rod connected to the front end of the straight rod and a position adjusting rod connected to the front end of the transition rod. A first included angle alpha is formed between the transition rod and the straight rod; a position adjusting part is arranged at the front end of the position adjusting rod, and a second included angle beta is formed between the position adjusting rod and the transition part. According to the position adjusting instrument, through the unique structural design, the operation performance in a crystalline lens implantation operation is remarkably improved; wherein the position adjusting hook acting piece is composed of a straight rod, a transition rod and a position adjusting rod, and the operation position adjusting difficulty is effectively reduced through the specific angle design.
Owner:AIER EYE HOSPITAL GRP CO LTD CHANGSHA AIER EYE HOSPITAL

Biological implant robot machining posture planning and error compensation method based on global stiffness model

The application discloses a biological implant robot machining posture planning and error compensation method based on a global stiffness model, belongs to the technical field of biological manufacturing and surgical robot auxiliary machining, and comprises the following steps: a biomechanical stiffness atlas covering the whole posture space of the implant is constructed by sparse modal sampling combined with an inverse distance weighting algorithm. The application effectively solves the problem that the cell responses are inconsistent due to the machining quality differences of different regions of the complex curved surface implant through the global surface biological activity consistency, and significantly improves the long-term success rate of implant surgery. The application is easy to deploy on the existing medical robot through hardware pollution. Through micron-level functional molding, the micron-level biological texture depth is accurately controlled, and the manufacturing level of the personalized implant is improved from simple geometric shape customization to a new height of surface biological function customization.
Owner:REHABILITATION UNIV (IN PREPARATION)