A water sample COD concentration nonlinear decoupling control method based on differential geometric feedback control comprises the following steps: S1, establishing a chemical oxygen demand model qCOD = F (T, H, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5), and inputting a model constraint; S2, analyzing the characteristics of the chemical oxygen demand model qCOD = F (T, H, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5), and judging whether a system can use a differential geometry feedback control method according to whether the Jacobian matrix of the nonlinear system F is full rank; and if the Jacobian matrix is full rank, that is, the Jacobian matrix accords with a relative order, determining that a differential geometric feedback control method can be used; S3, if the nonlinear system F meets the condition of a relative order, calculating a feedback transformation matrix phi of differential geometry feedback control; S4, performing matrix transformation on the feedback transformation matrix phi; S5, processing measurement data in a new domain; and S6, inversely transforming a result obtained in the new domain into an actual measurement domain. According to the invention, a differential geometric feedback control analysis method is applied to input and output analysis of a measurement system aiming at nonlinear characteristics of a system description function F.