The invention provides an under-actuated unmanned surface vehicle self-adaptive trajectory tracking control device and method. The device comprises a reference path generator, a state sensor, a differential converter, a parameter estimator, a virtual controller and a longitudinal thrust and bow steering torque controller. According to the unmanned surface vehicle actual position and course angle collected by the state sensor (2) and the reference position and reference course angle information generated by the reference path generator (1), the new state variable is obtained through the differential converter (5), the new state variable and the speed and angle speed information collected by a sensor (4) are transmitted to the parameter estimator (8) and the longitudinal thrust and bow steering torque controller (12), a control instruction is obtained through calculation to drive an execution mechanism, and the longitudinal thrust and bow steering torque of an unmanned surface vehicle are adjusted. According to the device and method, the unmanned surface vehicle can reach the specific position within specific time at specific speed. Due to the under-actuated unmanned surface vehicle, energy consumption and manufacturing cost of a system can be lowered, and the weight of the system is reduced.