The invention relates to a water quality multi-index detection method based on ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, which comprises the following steps: 1) establishing a water quality algorithm model including each water quality index; 2) measuring and obtaining the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of the water body to be tested; 3) According to the water quality algorithm model of the water body to be measured and the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum of the water body to be measured, calculate the preliminary calculation value of each water quality index in the water body to be measured; 4) perform the preliminary calculation value of each water quality index in the water body to be measured Local calibration to obtain the test results corresponding to each water quality index; 5) compare the obtained test results corresponding to each water quality index with the relevant water quality standards of each water quality index, and judge whether the water quality to be tested exceeds the standard and give an early warning. The invention measures the ultraviolet-visible full-wavelength absorption spectrum of the water body, and combines the water quality algorithm model and correction parameters to simultaneously calculate various water quality indicators in the water. Therefore, the present invention can be widely used in the monitoring and early warning mainly applicable to the process control of various surface water, various sewage, drinking water, sewage and water supply treatment process.