The invention discloses a rock triaxial compression test method suitable for sample preparation through drilling. The method comprises the steps of 1, excavating a test adit in a mountain body by a blasting method; 2, specimen preparation: selecting a cylinder as a specimen, wherein the diameter D of the specimen is more than or equal to 30cm, and the height H of the specimen is equal to the product of the diameter D and (2.0-2.5); 3, sheathing a ring-shaped rubber capsule on the peripheral surface of the specimen, and sealing and anchoring a ring-shaped groove by a ring-shaped steel plate, wherein the shape of the ring-shaped rubber capsule is matched with those of the specimen and the ring-shaped groove; 4, installing axial loading equipment on the top surface of the specimen, finally, installing a plurality of displacement sensors in a symmetrical way on a bearing plate, and therefore, a rock triaxial compression test can be carried out according to the requirements of technical regulations. The rock triaxial compression test method has the advantages that the specimen can be prepared on site in a mechanized way, and the problems that the rock is manually dug in the existing specimen preparation process so that the long time is consumed, the excavated volume is large, and the cost is high can be solved. After the rock triaxial compression test method is used, the time of the rock triaxial compression test is greatly shortened, the working efficiency is increased, and the test expense is reduced.