The invention discloses a drive axle gearbox wheel set for large railway maintenance machinery. The drive axle gearbox wheel set comprises an axle, two wheels, a sliding bearing, a locking steel ball, an inner sleeve, an outer sleeve, a rolling steel ball, an axle retainer ring, a hole retainer ring, a spring and an end cover. The two wheels are positioned on wheel seats at two ends of the axle respectively. The locking steel balls, spherical grooves, a radial cylindrical hole of the inner sleeve and the outer sleeve form a locking mechanism; the rolling steel balls, first semicircular grooves and second semicircular grooves are matched to form a rolling ball key mechanism; the end cover is fixed to the end face of one side, away from the wheels, of the outer sleeve, a gap is reserved between the end cover and the circumference of the inner sleeve, the end cover is capable of axially moving left and right along the inner sleeve, and the springs are mounted in a closed annular inner cavity formed by the outer sleeve, the end cover and the inner sleeve. The drive axle gearbox wheel set for large railway maintenance machinery is simple in structure, convenient to operate and capable of fitting different rail gauges.