The invention discloses a thoracic cavity opening device for the cardiothoracic surgery department, and particularly relates to the field of the cardiothoracic surgery department. The device comprises a base plate, supporting columns are arranged on the two sides of the base plate, a mounting rod is arranged at the top ends of the supporting columns, a fixing ring is arranged at one end of the mounting rod, and a positioning ring is arranged at the bottom end of the fixing ring. By arranging the fixing ring, the positioning ring and a limiting rod, before use, after the operation position and direction are determined, the fixing ring is pulled back and forth along the mounting rod, so that the transverse position of the positioning ring is adjusted till the positioning ring moves to the position over the operation position, and after positioning is completed, plug pins are inserted into the corresponding first limiting holes downwards to fix an inner tube, when the direction of the positioning ring is adjusted, the positioning ring rotates along the fixing ring to adjust the direction until the pulling direction of the opening structure is perpendicular to the direction of a surgical incision, the position of the positioning ring can be adjusted at any time according to different conditions, and the device is practical.