The invention discloses a fault current limiting method for short circuit fault early detection. The method includes the steps of firstly, conducting A / D sampling on a current signal at a fixed sampling frequency, and conducting algorithm filtering on the sampling signal noise of the current signal; secondly, conducting algorithm processing on the filtered signal, extracting the current signal characteristic quantity and the voltage change ratio, and conducting short circuit fault early detection; thirdly, through short circuit fault early detection, judging whether the current signal characteristic quantity and the voltage change ratio which are obtained at present exceed a threshold value of a short current fault or not, if yes, judging that the short circuit fault occurs to a circuit, instantly triggering the FCL and continuing to conduct the next time of detection, and if not, restarting the detection. According to the method, firstly, A / D sampling is conducted on the circuit current, and noise interference is filtered out through the software algorithm; secondly, early detection and recognition of the fault are conducted through a signal singularity characteristic extraction algorithm, a trigger signal is sent out to control triggering of the FCL after recognition is conducted, and therefore early limitation of the short circuit current is achieved.