The invention provides a target motion track segmentation compression method based on improved particle swarm optimization, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a particle swarm track segmentation approximation scheme optimization basic frame based on contour preservation, building a mapping relation between track data and particle states, defining a track contour fitting degree optimization target function, and carrying out the optimization of the target motion track. Individual trajectory segmentation scheme search based on the particle swarm optimization is realized; a particle updating strategy based on neighborhood adjustment and random jump is designed, and the track segmentation scheme searching efficiency of the particle swarm algorithm is improved; and for each trajectory in the data set, particle swarm trajectory segmentation scheme optimization with the segmentation number increasing from small to large is carried out, a trajectory segmentation compression effect evaluation index is established, and a trajectory data overall segmentation compression scheme which comprehensively considers the compression ratio and the segmentation precision is obtained. According to the method, global-oriented group intelligent track segmentation compression is realized, and compared with an existing method, the track data compression effect and segmentation approximation precision are both improved.