The invention relates to an SM4-GCM network encryption transmission system implementation method based on an FPGA, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, receiving required data from a data preparation module, and respectively sending a parameter and a secret key into a random number module and a secret key extension module to generate a corresponding random number and an extension secret key; S2, sending the random number and the plaintext into an encryption module for encryption; S3, sending the obtained ciphertext, key and random number to a message authentication module to generate an HMAC value; S4, during encryption/decryption, enabling the system to update a key required for the next time through an SM3 algorithm and a Pascal algorithm. According to the invention, the shake-128 algorithm in the Keccak is utilized to realize the generation of the random number, the security of the random number is improved, and the resource utilization rate and the working frequency of the random number are improved by optimizing the nonlinear transformation operation and the message authentication operation, so the method is more suitable for the environment of a high-speed network; the SM3 algorithm and the Pascal algorithm are utilized to realize the safe change of the secret key, and the GMAC module is combined to ensure the correctness of the system secret key update.