The invention discloses an unmanned aerial vehicle collected image-based construction fugitive dust pollution source automatic monitoring and influence scope prediction system and method. The system comprises an aerial photographing system and a ground supervising and processing system, wherein the aerial photographing system comprises an aerial photography rotor aircraft, a mobile device and a control terminal; the mobile device and the control terminal communicated with the aircraft in a wireless manner, the aircraft is controlled to collect pollution source monitoring zone images, and the ground supervising and processing system comprises an image processing unit and a user terminal; the image processing unit is used for preliminary screening, distortion correction and smoothing of qualified images among aerial photos; the image processing unit is also used for pollution source RGB color characteristic enhancement, edge detection, pollution source existence determination and recheck, suspected pollution source characteristic extraction, pollution source RGB color characteristic value extraction, suspected pollution source characteristic comparison, image splicing, and pollution source distribution analysis and influence scope prediction; the user terminal can display complete pollution source monitoring area images, pollution source distribution map and influence scope prognostic maps.