The invention discloses a brake structure for water conservancy and hydropower equipment. The braking structure for the water conservancy and hydropower equipment comprises a support and a transmission shaft body located at the top of the support, transmission rods are movably connected to the left side and the right side of the front face of the support through hinge pins, a braking frame is installed on the inner sides of the transmission rods through a fixed structure, the braking frame is located on the two sides of the transmission shaft body, a sleeve plate is slidably connected to the inner side of the support, an extrusion block is fixedly connected to the top of the sleeve plate, a supporting wheel is fixedly connected to the top of the extrusion block, and the outer surface of the supporting wheel makes contact with the surface of the transmission shaft body. According to the braking structure for the water conservancy and hydropower equipment, supporting is carried out on the braking frame through supporting wheels, the braking stability is further improved, a braking device has the supporting and positioning effects in the non-working process, the function of the braking structure is increased, and the problems that an existing braking structure is single in structure and function, the effect that supporting is carried out on the transmission shaft is not achieved in the non-braking process, and application range of braking structure is seriously affected are solved.