242results about How to "Reduce pollutant emissions" patented technology

A hybrid vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine, a traction motor, a starter motor, and a battery bank, all controlled by a microprocessor in accordance with the vehicle's instantaneous torque demands so that the engine is run only under conditions of high efficiency, typically only when the load is at least equal to 30% of the engine's maximum torque output. In some embodiments, a turbocharger may be provided, activated only when the load exceeds the engine's maximum torque output for an extended period; a two-speed transmission may further be provided, to further broaden the vehicle's load range. A hybrid brake system provides regenerative braking, with mechanical braking available in the event the battery bank is fully charged, in emergencies, or at rest; a control mechanism is provided to control the brake system to provide linear brake feel under varying circumstances.

The control of emissions from fossil-fired boilers wherein an injection of substances above the primary combustion zone employs multi-layer feedforward artificial neural networks for modeling static nonlinear relationships between the distribution of injected substances into the upper region of the furnace and the emissions exiting the furnace. Multivariable nonlinear constrained optimization algorithms use the mathematical expressions from the artificial neural networks to provide the optimal substance distribution that minimizes emission levels for a given total substance injection rate. Based upon the optimal operating conditions from the optimization algorithms, the incremental substance cost per unit of emissions reduction, and the open-market price per unit of emissions reduction, the intelligent emissions controller allows for the determination of whether it is more cost-effective to achieve additional increments in emission reduction through the injection of additional substance or through the purchase of emission credits on the open market. This is of particular interest to fossil-fired electrical power plant operators. The intelligent emission controller is particularly adapted for determining the economical control of such pollutants as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emitted by fossil-fired boilers by the selective introduction of multiple inputs of substances (such as natural gas, ammonia, oil, water-oil emulsion, coal-water slurry and/or urea, and combinations of these substances) above the primary combustion zone of fossil-fired boilers.

A method for operating an internal combustion engine is provided, such as, for example, in a motor vehicle, in which at least two different fuels are simultaneously supplied to at least one combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine.

A system is provided. The system includes an internal combustion engine having an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold. The system also includes a high pressure turbocharger having a variable geometry high pressure turbine drivingly coupled to a high pressure compressor, wherein the variable geometry high pressure turbine is driven by a first portion of exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold, wherein the high pressure compressor is configured to compress an intake air and to provide the compressed intake air to the intake manifold. The system also includes a low pressure turbocharger having a variable geometry low pressure turbine drivingly coupled to a low pressure compressor, wherein the variable geometry low pressure turbine is driven by a second portion of the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold, wherein the low pressure compressor is configured to compress a third portion of the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold and to provide the compressed third portion to the intake manifold, wherein the first and second portions of the exhaust gases are different from one another.

A resid fuel additive is provided that includes a plant oil extract, β-carotene, and jojoba oil. The additive may be added to any resid fuel to reduce emissions of undesired components during combustion of the fuel. A method for preparing the additive is also provided.

The present invention relates generally to a composition and method for decreasing the emissions from combustion of fuel that contains biodiesel, where the composition contains at least one ignition accelerator and at least one plant extract or synthetic component similar to a portion of a plant extract. The ignition accelerator is preferably a peroxide, for example, di-tert-butyl peroxide. The composition may optionally contain meadowfoam oil or jojoba oil. The composition may also enhance the lubricity of the fuel that contains biodiesel.

The periodic equivalence ratio modulation (PERM) method and apparatus significantly reduces and/or eliminates unstable conditions within a combustion chamber. The method involves modulating the equivalence ratio for the combustion device, such that the combustion device periodically operates outside of an identified unstable oscillation region. The equivalence ratio is modulated between preselected reference points, according to the shape of the oscillation region and operating parameters of the system. Preferably, the equivalence ratio is modulated from a first stable condition to a second stable condition, and, alternatively, the equivalence ratio is modulated from a stable condition to an unstable condition. The method is further applicable to multi-nozzle combustor designs, whereby individual nozzles are alternately modulated from stable to unstable conditions. Periodic equivalence ratio modulation (PERM) is accomplished by active control involving periodic, low frequency fuel modulation, whereby low frequency fuel pulses are injected into the main fuel delivery. Importantly, the fuel pulses are injected at a rate so as not to affect the desired time-average equivalence ratio for the combustion device.

The invention relates to a heat shield arrangement for a hot gas (m)-guiding component, which comprises a number of heat shield elements arranged side-by-side on a supporting structure while leaving a gap there between. A heat shield element can be mounted on the supporting structure whereby forming an interior space which is delimited in areas by a hot gas wall to be cooled, with an inlet channel for admitting a coolant into the interior space. According to the invention, a coolant discharge channel is provided for the controlled discharge of coolant from the interior space and, from the interior space, leads into the gap. Coolant can be saved and efficiently used by the specific coolant discharge via the coolant discharge channel, and reduction in pollutant emissions can also be achieved. The heat shield arrangement is particularly suited for linking a combustion chamber of a gas turbine.

A system and method for fuel reforming in which at least a portion of the exhaust gases from a combustion process, such as an industrial furnace, is mixed with a fuel, such as natural gas, and the mixture is introduced into a first stage heat exchange vessel in which the fuel is reformed. The reformed fuel is then returned to the combustion process for burning. In accordance with one embodiment, primary combustion oxidant is introduced into a second stage heat exchange vessel in which it is heated by a portion of the exhaust gas exiting the first stage heat exchange vessel. The heated oxidant is then introduced into the combustion process for burning of the fuel(s) therein.

Filter for application in motor vehicles in general, urban or rural use, terrestrial, aquatic or aerial use, such as car, motorcycle, truck, bus, train, boat, ship, vessel, airplane, jet ski, snowmobile, tractor, any vehicle or machine powered by a combustion engine, electric, hybrid, hydrogen, gasoline, methanol, ethanol, butanol, diesel, kerosene, or any other technology or fuel, which can also be applied to any equipment using a combustion engine, like generators or turbines for stationary power generation, large water pump and agricultural equipment use, and aircraft powered by turbo-jets, turbo-fans, turbo propellers, piston engines or others, and may also provide versions for residential, commercial, industrial and hospital use, among others, with the addition of a power supply (transformer) on the power input and a possible adjustment in a cabinet with appropriate design for each use.

A reciprocating piston engine includes a rotor housing for transferring torque to an engine output drive; a contoured guide element in the rotor housing, having a closed, curvilinearly contoured shape, around which the rotor housing is rotatable; at least one compression unit in the rotor housing, each unit including a piston and a cylinder, with the piston having a straight line of action in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the rotor housing; a connecting rod, rigidly coupled to the piston, movable along a path determined by the contoured guide element, for transferring controlled movement specified by the contoured guide element to the piston; and a guide part, joined to the connecting rod, and movable along a separate guide in the rotor housing, with the connecting rod, the piston, and the guide part each performing a single stroke along a straight line in the rotor housing.

In a drive train for a motor vehicle having at least first and second drive axles each provided with two drive wheels for moving the motor vehicle, wherein the drive train comprises a first drive unit connected to the first drive axle and a second drive unit connected to the second drive unit for driving the wheels of the drive axles or, respectively, being driven thereby, the wheels of the first and second drive axles are operable independently of each other and clutch elements are arranged in the drive train between the wheels of the second axle and the second drive unit for mechanically disconnecting the second drive unit and the wheels of the second drive axle.

The present invention relates to a propulsion device for an aircraft. The propulsion device comprises a propulsion unit and an energy converter. The energy converter is adapted for providing propulsion energy to the propulsion unit by a first fuel. Furthermore, the energy converter is adapted for providing propulsion energy to the propulsion unit by a second fuel. The propulsion unit adapted for generating forward thrust by the propulsion energy.

A diesel engine (10) having a selective catalytic reduction system with a urea tank (12). A heater element (26) is mounted in the urea tank and another heating element (34) is mounted in the engine (10) for cold weather starts. Both heating elements (24) and (26) are connected to a common cord (18) which has at its distal end a common electrical plug (16) for plugging into an electrical receptacle.

In a large exhaust duct from a lean burn combustion source, such as a boiler, diesel engine or gas turbine, multiple injectors can be used to inject a reagent, such as an aqueous solution of urea or ammonia, into the exhaust for use in the catalytic reduction of NOx in a process known in the art as selective catalytic reduction (SCR). When operating at low injection rates, such as during low combustor loads, the injectors are operated individually for short periods of time in a sequential manner.

In a combustion apparatus having multiple primary fuel inputs and a flue gas exhaust, a method for controlling combustion of a fuel in the combustion chamber in which a concentration of at least one flue gas component indicative of fuel/oxidant ratio in flue gases is measured at a plurality of locations proximate the flue gas exhaust, each location corresponding to one of the primary fuel inputs. An overall average concentration of the at least one flue gas component is then determined, based upon which a delta value, the difference between the overall average and the flue gas component concentration at each location, for the at least one flue gas component at each of the locations is determined. Based upon the delta values obtained, the fuel input rate is adjusted as necessary for each of the primary fuel inputs, such that the delta value is either reduced or increased to zero.

In a method for the combustion of a fuel, a fuel or a premixed combustible mixture is introduced into a combustion space as a combustible fluid open jet. The velocity of the open jet is selected in such a way that it is impossible for a stable flame front to form, i.e. is in any event greater than the flame front velocity, and that, on account of a jet pump effect, flue gas is mixed into the combustible fluid jet from the combustion chamber in a jet-induced recirculation internally within the combustion chamber. The admixed flue gas dilutes and heats the combustible fluid. The heating causes the spontaneous ignition temperature to be exceeded, and a low-pollutant volumetric flame is formed in a highly dilute atmosphere.

Embodiments for controlling exhaust gas turbines are provided. In one embodiment, a method for controlling a turbocharger arrangement of an internal combustion engine, the turbocharger arrangement having at least a first exhaust-gas turbine and a second exhaust-gas turbine arranged downstream of the first, and an exhaust-gas aftertreatment system being arranged downstream of the second exhaust-gas turbine comprises, in a warm-up mode, controlling at least one exhaust-gas turbine so as to increase an inlet temperature of an exhaust-gas flow at the inlet into the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system. In this way, the exhaust-gas aftertreatment system may be rapidly heated.

A method for optimizing the operating and combustion processes of a diesel engine with common rail injection and a turbocharger includes injecting fuel into each combustion chamber of the diesel engine by a main injection and a post-injection which follows the main injection and controlling a start time and a quantity of the post-injection as a function of an end of the main injection and as a function of operating parameters of the diesel engine using an electronic engine control unit and an input-output map stored in the electronic engine control unit. The post-injection is initiated at a point 30–180° of rotation of a crankshaft of the diesel engine after the end of the main injection, and the quantity of the post-injection is adjusted to 20–30% of a quantity of the main injection.