A blasthole plugging device belongs to the field of blasting engineering and comprises a covering part, an adjusting part and a supporting part, the covering part covers a blasthole, the adjusting part is mounted on the covering part, and the supporting part is mounted at the front end of the adjusting part. The covering part comprises a cover plate, a cylinder body, lugs, shaft pins, bosses, grooves and lower convex teeth, the rear end of the cover plate extends to the cylinder body, the three lugs are evenly distributed at the rear end of the cylinder body in a circumferential array mode, each lug is provided with one shaft pin, the bosses are arranged on the cover plate towards the interior of the cylinder body, the grooves are formed in the front end face of the cover plate, and a circle of lower convex teeth are arranged in an inner cavity of each groove. The adjusting part comprises a round cover, upper protruding teeth, an extension rod, a through hole, a pin, a spring and a driving wheel, the rear end face of the round rod is provided with the upper protruding teeth, the extension rod is arranged in the middle of the rear end of the round rod, the through hole is formed in the rear portion of the extension rod, the pin is installed in the through hole, the spring is installed between the pin and the boss and sleeved on the extension rod, and the driving wheel is fixedly installed at the tail end of the extension rod. The three supporting parts are hinged to the shaft pins respectively, and each supporting part is of a cam structure.