The invention provides a health monitoring method for effective loads of a space station based on a data-driven algorithm. In the design stage, after historical data of the effective loads are subjected to state vector construction, parameter standardization and weight processing, training samples are obtained; then, clustering learning is performed on the training samples, and different working condition data classifications can be obtained. In the running stage, after real-time downlink test data of the effective loads are processed, through the working conditions obtained through clustering learning, the downlink data are monitored in real time, if abnormal data occur, it shows that new working conditions happen to the loads, a fault may happen or is about to happen probably, finally, the abnormal data are detected in combination with a fault diagnosis tree method, and the position of the fault is determined. Through machine learning of the historical data, a system health knowledge base is formed, the abnormal state of the loads is found through calculation of the distance value of outliers, real-time monitoring on the health state of the loads is achieved, fault detection and positioning of the loads can be supported, and prediction to a certain extent is achieved.