Provided is a method for verifying damage mechanisms of a high-temperature resistant composite-material structure under multiple failure modes. Firstly, damage mechanism models of a high-temperature resistant composite material under various failure modes are established; then, according to the damage mechanism models, a high-temperature resistant composite-material component damage analyzing method is established, component damage responses are analyzed, the component damage analyzing method is corrected by real-object tests, then, a component damage response law is obtained, through the combination of ideal connection relations among components, a finite element method is adopted to analyze structural-component damage responses under different load working conditions, the connection relations among the components are corrected by real-object tests, the finite element method is adopted to analyze damage responses of assemblies, segments and flying machines according to corrected connection relations among the components and the component damage response law, and virtual-test verification is finished. According to the method for verifying the damage mechanisms of the high-temperature resistant composite-material structure under the multiple failure modes, a multi-grade multi-correction virtual-test verification method of a composite-material structural component is achieved, the verification cycle and the cost are reduced, and the verification accuracy is improved.